Salbutamol sulfate

Asthma is a chronic atopic and inflammatory bronchial disease characterized by recurring symptoms and, episodic reversible bronchial obstruction and easily triggered bronchospasms. Asthma often begins in childhood. International guidelines are widely accepted and implemented; however, there are similarities and differences in the management approaches. There is no national guideline in many cities in Asia. This review aims to provide a practical perspective on current recommendations in the management of childhood asthma, specifically in the following aspects: diagnosis, classification of severity, treatment options, and asthma control, and to provide physicians with up-to-date information for the management of asthma

We used the PubMed function of Clinical Queries and searched keywords of “Asthma”, “Pediatric,” AND “Guidelines” as the search engine. “Clinical Prediction Guides”, “Etiology”, “Diagnosis”, “Therapy,” “Prognosis,” and “Narrow” scope were used as filters. The search was conducted in November 2022. The information retrieved from this search was used in compiling the present article.

Diagnosis is clinically based on symptom pattern, response to therapy with bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, and spirometric pulmonary function testing (PFT). Asthma is classified in accordance with symptom frequency, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), atopic versus nonatopic etiology, where atopy means a predisposition toward a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. Asthma is also classified as intermittent or persistent (mild to severe). Unfortunately, there is no disease cure for asthma. However, symptoms can be prevented by trigger avoidance and suppressed with inhaled corticosteroids. Antileukotriene agents or long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) may be used together with inhaled corticosteroids if symptoms of asthma are not controlled. Rapidly worsening symptoms are usually treated with an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist (SABA, e.g., salbutamol) and oral corticosteroids. Intravenous corticosteroids and hospitalization are required in severe cases of asthma attacks. Some guidelines also provide recommendations on the use of biologics and immunotherapy.

Asthma is diagnosed clinically, with supporting laboratory testing. Treatment is based on severity classification, from intermittent to persistent. Inhaled bronchodilator and steroid anti-inflammatory form the main stay of management.

In this work, a carboxylated and thiolated phenolic resin (HS-P-COOH) was first synthesized by acid-catalyzed condensation polymerization of 4-mercaptophenol and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with formaldehyde.Subsequently, HS-P-COOH was used as an organic frame for imprinting the R-enantiomer of salbutamol (R-SM) by post-crosslinking using bis(maleimido)ethane (BM) via the thiol-maleimide click chem. approach.Obtained R-SM imprinted polymer (R-SM-P) and non-imprinted polymer (NIP) were characterized by FTIR, ¹³C NMR, SEM, and TGA techniques.Adsorption studies revealed that the R-SM-P showed much higher adsorption capacity to R-SM (412 mg/g) when compared with the S-SM counterpart (234 mg/g), whereas no such enantiomeric preference was evidenced for NIP.The isothermal adsorption data fitted well with the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption on specific binding sites.The enantioselectivity study presented the fact that the selectivity coefficient of R-SM-P sorbent for R-SM was about 12 times higher, which confirmed the formation of selective recognition cavities.Chiral separation by column chromatog. resulted in an enantiomeric excess (ee) of 98 % for S-SM during the first elution and 92 % for R-SM during the recovery step.These findings reflect the efficiency of the imprinting approach and point out the possibility of R-SM-P in pharmaceutical chiral separation processes.