Sun Yat-Sen University

WEDNESDAY, Feb. 5, 2025 -- Elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is associated with an increased risk for glaucoma, while elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG) are associated with a reduced risk, according to a study published online Feb. 4 in the British Journal of Ophthalmology . Yiyuan Ma, from Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China, and colleagues conducted a prospective cohort study involving 400,229 participants from the U.K. Biobank to examine the associations of HDL-C, LDL-C, TC, and TG with glaucoma. The researchers found that 1.72 percent of the participants developed glaucoma during a mean follow-up of 14.44 years. Higher levels of HDL-C were associated with increased glaucoma risk (hazard ratio, 1.05 [95 percent confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.08; P = 0.001] for one standard deviation increase in HDL-C) in multivariate Cox regression, while reduced risk was seen in association with elevated levels of LDL-C, TC, and TG (hazard ratios [95 percent confidence intervals], 0.96 [0.94 to 0.99; P = 0.005], 0.97 [0.94 to 1.00; P = 0.037], and 0.96 [0.94 to 0.99; P = 0.008], respectively). An analysis of associations between the polygenic risk score of serum lipids and glaucoma showed an increased hazard ratio in association with a one-standard deviation increment of HDL-C genetic risk (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.00 to 1.11; P = 0.031). There were no significant associations seen for the polygenic risk scores of LDL-C, TC, and TG with glaucoma. "HDL cholesterol has been regarded as the 'good cholesterol' for seven decades," the authors write. "However, this study demonstrates that high levels of HDL cholesterol are not consistently associated with a favorable prognostic outcome."

WEDNESDAY, Feb. 5, 2025 -- The cholesterol that’s good for your heart health might be bad for your eye health, and vice versa, a new study says. “Good” HDL cholesterol appears to increase risk of glaucoma in people older than 55, researchers reported Feb. 4 in the British Journal of Ophthalmology . Conversely, “bad” LDL cholesterol might be associated with a lower risk of glaucoma, researchers report. “HDL cholesterol has been regarded as the ‘good cholesterol’ for seven decades. However, this study demonstrates that high levels of HDL cholesterol are not consistently associated with a favorable prognostic outcome,” concluded the research team led by senior investigator Zhenzhen Liu , an associate professor with the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangdon, China. LDL cholesterol contributes to plaque build-up in the arteries, which can eventually lead to heart disease, heart attack or stroke, according to the American Heart Association . On the other hand, HDL cholesterol helps heart health by carrying some LDL cholesterol away from the arteries and back to the liver, where the LDL cholesterol is broken down and excreted, the AHA says. Abnormally high levels of fats in the bloodstream have previously been linked to eye conditions like macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, researchers said in background notes. But findings related to glaucoma have been inconsistent. Glaucoma causes fluid to build up within the eye, with the increasing pressure damaging the optic nerve. For this study, researchers analyzed data on more than 400,000 participants in the long-range UK Biobank health research project. All participants had their blood fat levels tested and their health tracked for an average of 14 years. Nearly 2% of the participants developed glaucoma during follow-up, and they tended to have higher HDL and lower LDL cholesterol, researchers said. Analysis revealed that people with the highest level of “good” HDL cholesterol were 10% more likely to develop glaucoma than those with the lowest levels. At the same time, those with the highest levels of “bad” LDL cholesterol were 8% less likely to develop glaucoma than people with the lowest levels. The highest levels of another type of blood fat, triglycerides, also were associated with 14% lower risk of glaucoma, researchers found. And as levels of each type of fat increased in the blood, they either raised or lowered glaucoma risk. It’s not yet clear why the different types of cholesterol would affect glaucoma risk, researchers said. However, these associations only persisted among people older than 55. “These findings challenge existing paradigms about ‘good’ and ‘bad’ cholesterol in relation to eye health,” researchers concluded. If follow-up studies validate these results, then doctors might need to reassess the use of cholesterol-lowering drugs in patients at risk for glaucoma, the researchers added. Whatever your topic of interest, subscribe to our newsletters to get the best of Drugs.com in your inbox.

- First regimen to be approved in China to demonstrate superiority to platinum-containing chemotherapy for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer, the standard of care for nearly 40 years1 - NMPA approval based on the global Phase 3 EV-302 trial (also known as KEYNOTE-A39) where the treatment combination significantly improved overall survival and progression-free survival outcomes1 TOKYO, Jan. 8, 2025 /PRNewswire/ -- Astellas Pharma Inc. (TSE:4503, President and CEO: Naoki Okamura, "Astellas") today announced that China's National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) has approved PADCEV™ (enfortumab vedotin) in combination with KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab) for adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer (la/mUC). The treatment combination will provide a new therapeutic option to patients with la/mUC in China and offer an alternative to platinum-containing chemotherapy, the standard of care for nearly 40 years.1 Bladder cancer leads to significant morbidity and mortality across China. Over 92,000 people were diagnosed with bladder cancer in 2022, and approximately 41,000 deaths were reported as a result of the disease.2 Urothelial cancer, which accounts for 90% of all bladder cancers, is a debilitating and frforequently aggressive cancer.3 When the disease is diagnosed at a late stage, survival rates are often extremely poor, driving the urgent need for new treatment strategies that can extend patients' lives. Professor Guo Jun, Lead Primary Investigator of the EV-302 trial in China, Director of the Department of Urologic Oncology and Melanoma/Sarcoma, Beijing Cancer Hospital, China, Vice Chairman and Chief-Secretary of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO): "The NMPA approval of enfortumab vedotin in combination with pembrolizumab is the first non-platinum treatment for Chinese patients with advanced urothelial cancer that can be used in the first-line setting. The results of the EV-302 study demonstrate that this combination nearly doubled median overall survival (OS), and increased median progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate and complete response rate compared to platinum-based chemotherapy. These results were seen in a broad population of patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer, regardless of patients' biomarker status, cisplatin eligibility or liver metastasis. I believe that this new treatment regimen will change the clinical treatment landscape of urothelial carcinoma in China and bring hope of longer survival to more Chinese patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma." Professor Huang Jian, Lead Primary Investigator of the EV-302 Study in China, Chairman of the Urology Subcommittee of the Chinese Medical Association, Department of Urology at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China: "The current first-line treatment strategy for advanced urothelial carcinoma in China is platinum-based chemotherapy, with very limited clinical options available. The approval of enfortumab vedotin in combination with pembrolizumab represents the first treatment regimen in the past 20-30 years that has shown superiority over platinum-based chemotherapy in the entire population. We hope that this combination could become the future standard of care treatment." Ahsan Arozullah, M.D., M.P.H., Senior Vice President, Head of Oncology Development, Astellas: "We are delighted that the NMPA has recognized the benefits that enfortumab vedotin has offered to patients with previously treated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer in China following its approval in August 2024. This latest approval in combination with pembrolizumab marks another step forward in our mission to bring new, innovative treatment strategies to patients in China. We look forward to making a significant impact on patients' lives, helping to slow disease progression and give them precious more time." The NMPA's approval of enfortumab vedotin in combination with pembrolizumab is supported by the results from the Phase 3 EV-302 clinical trial (also known as KEYNOTE-A39). The trial demonstrated that the treatment combination improved median overall survival (OS) and median progression-free survival (PFS) with statistically significant and clinically meaningful results in patients with previously untreated la/mUC compared to platinum-containing chemotherapy. A median OS of 31.5 months (95% CI: 25.4-NR) was achieved with the treatment combination compared to 16.1 months (95% CI: 13.9-18.3) with platinum-containing chemotherapy, representing a 53% reduction in risk of death (Hazard Ratio [HR]=0.47; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.38-0.58; P<0.00001). A median PFS of 12.5 months (95% CI: 10.4-16.6) was reported with the treatment combination compared to 6.3 months (95% CI: 6.2-6.5) with platinum-containing chemotherapy, representing a 55% reduction in the risk of cancer progression or death (HR=0.45; 95% CI: (0.38-0.54); P<0.00001). The safety results were consistent with those previously reported with this treatment combination, and no new safety issues were identified.1 Astellas has already reflected the impact from this latest approval from the NMPA in China in its financial forecast for the current fiscal year ending March 31, 2025. For more information, please see the press release "China's National Medical Products Administration Accepts Astellas and Pfizer's Supplemental Biologics License Application for enfortumab vedotin with KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab) for First-Line Treatment of Advanced Bladder Cancer" issued on March 28, 2024: About Bladder and Urothelial Cancer Urothelial cancer, or bladder cancer, begins in the urothelial cells, which line the urethra, bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, and some other organs.4 Urothelial cancer accounts for 90% of all bladder cancers and can also be found in the renal pelvis, ureter, and urethra.3,5,6 If bladder cancer has spread to surrounding organs or muscles, it is called locally advanced disease.7 If the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, it is called metastatic disease.8 Approximately 12% of cases are locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer at diagnosis.9 In China, the incidence rate of bladder cancer in 2022 ranked 11th among all cancers, with over 92,000 new cases diagnosed that year.2 The five year prevalence of bladder cancer in China is estimated to be 2.5/100,000 cases, or 276,102 cases.2 Continuous treatment and surveillance makes bladder cancer one of the most expensive cancer types over the lifetime of a patient, and the costliest cancer when compared to other malignancies.10 About EV-302 EV-302 is an ongoing, open-label, randomized, controlled Phase 3 trial, evaluating enfortumab vedotin in combination with pembrolizumab versus platinum-containing chemotherapy in patients with previously untreated la/mUC. The trial enrolled 886 patients with previously untreated la/mUC who were eligible for cisplatin- or carboplatin-containing chemotherapy regardless of PD-L1 status. Patients were randomized to receive either enfortumab vedotin in combination with pembrolizumab or platinum-containing chemotherapy. The dual primary endpoints of this trial are OS and PFS per RECIST v1.1 by blinded independent central review (BICR). Select secondary endpoints include ORR per RECIST v1.1 by BICR, DOR per RECIST v1.1 by BICR, and safety.1 The most common (≥3%) Grade 3 or higher adverse events related to treatment with enfortumab vedotin and pembrolizumab were maculo-papular rash, hyperglycemia, neutropenia, peripheral sensory neuropathy, diarrhea, and anemia. The safety results in EV-302 are generally consistent with the known safety events previously reported with each agent alone, and with the safety profile of this combination in EV-103 in cisplatin-ineligible patients with la/mUC. No new safety issues were identified.1 The EV-302 trial is part of an extensive clinical program evaluating this combination in multiple stages of urothelial cancer and other solid tumors. Findings from EV-302 were presented at the 2023 European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Congress and were published in the New England Journal of Medicine.1 For more information on the EV-302 trial (NCT04223856) go to . About PADCEV™ (enfortumab vedotin) PADCEV (enfortumab vedotin) is a first-in-class antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that is directed against Nectin-4, a protein located on the surface of cells and highly expressed in bladder cancer.11 Nonclinical data suggest the anticancer activity of enfortumab vedotin is due to its binding to Nectin-4-expressing cells, followed by the internalization and release of the anti-tumor agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) into the cell, which result in the cell not reproducing (cell cycle arrest) and in programmed cell death (apoptosis).12 PADCEV is indicated in China as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer after prior treatment with platinum-containing chemotherapy and programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, and in combination with KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab) for adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer. Ongoing Investigational Trials EV-302 (NCT04223856) is an open-label, randomized, controlled Phase 3 trial, evaluating enfortumab vedotin in combination with pembrolizumab versus platinum-containing chemotherapy in patients with previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer (la/mUC) who were eligible for cisplatin- or carboplatin-containing chemotherapy regardless of PD-L1 status. EV-103 (NCT03288545) is an ongoing, multi-cohort, open-label, multicenter Phase 1b/2 trial investigating enfortumab vedotin alone or in combination with pembrolizumab and/or chemotherapy in first- or second-line settings in patients with la/mUC and in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). EV-203 (NCT04995419) is a Phase 2, multicenter, single-arm bridging trial in China designed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic performance of enfortumab vedotin as treatment for patients in China. A total of 40 patients were enrolled in the trial. Enfortumab vedotin in combination with pembrolizumab is being investigated in an extensive program in multiple stages of urothelial cancer, including two Phase 3 clinical trials in MIBC in EV-304 (NCT04700124, also known as KEYNOTE-B15) and EV-303 (NCT03924895, also known as KEYNOTE-905). The use of enfortumab vedotin in combination with pembrolizumab in second-line urothelial cancer and MIBC has not been proven safe or effective. EV-104 (NCT05014139) is a Phase 1 trial exploring enfortumab vedotin in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). The trial is being conducted in two-parts, assessing dose escalation and dose expansion with enfortumab vedotin when administered intravesically as a monotherapy. EV-202 (NCT04225117) is an ongoing, multi-cohort, open-label, multicenter Phase 2 trial investigating enfortumab vedotin alone in patients with previously treated advanced solid tumors. This trial also has a cohort that is investigating enfortumab vedotin in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with previously untreated recurrent / metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Important Safety Information For Important Safety Information for enfortumab vedotin please see the full Summary of Product Characteristics at: About Astellas Astellas is a global life sciences company committed to turning innovative science into VALUE for patients. We provide transformative therapies in disease areas that include oncology, ophthalmology, urology, immunology and women's health. Through our research and development programs, we are pioneering new healthcare solutions for diseases with high unmet medical need. Learn more at . About the Astellas, Pfizer and MSD Collaboration Astellas and Pfizer have a clinical collaboration agreement with MSD to evaluate the combination of Astellas' and Pfizer's PADCEV™ (enfortumab vedotin) and MSD's KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab) in patients with previously untreated metastatic urothelial cancer. KEYTRUDA is a registered trademark of Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (known as MSD outside of the United States and Canada). Astellas Cautionary Notes In this press release, statements made with respect to current plans, estimates, strategies and beliefs and other statements that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements about the future performance of Astellas. These statements are based on management's current assumptions and beliefs in light of the information currently available to it and involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties. A number of factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Such factors include, but are not limited to: (i) changes in general economic conditions and in laws and regulations, relating to pharmaceutical markets, (ii) currency exchange rate fluctuations, (iii) delays in new product launches, (iv) the inability of Astellas to market existing and new products effectively, (v) the inability of Astellas to continue to effectively research and develop products accepted by customers in highly competitive markets, and (vi) infringements of Astellas' intellectual property rights by third parties. Information about pharmaceutical products (including products currently in development) which is included in this press release is not intended to constitute an advertisement or medical advice. References 1 Powles T, Valderrama BP, Gupta S, et al. Enfortumab vedotin and pembrolizumab in untreated advanced urothelial cancer. N Engl J Med. 2024;390:875-888. 2 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Global Cancer Observatory. China factsheet. (2022). Available at: . Last accessed: January 2025. 3 Leslie SW, Soon-Sutton TL, Aeddula NR. Bladder Cancer: StatPearls. (Updated 2024 Aug 15]. Available at: . Last accessed: January 2025. 4 National Cancer Institute. What is bladder cancer? (February 2023) Available at: . Last accessed: January 2025. 5 Leow JJ, Liu Z, Tan TW, et al. Optimal management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: Current perspectives. Onco Targets Ther. 2020;13:1-15. 6 Petros FG. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and evaluation of upper-tract urothelial carcinoma. Transl Androl Urol. 2020;9(4):1794-8. 7 National Cancer Institute. NCI dictionary of cancer terms: Locally advanced cancer. Available at: . Last accessed: January 2025. 8 American Cancer Society. If you have bladder cancer. (March 2024). Available at: . Last accessed: January 2025. 9 National Cancer Institute. Cancer stat facts: bladder cancer. Available at: . Last accessed: January 2025. 10 Aly A, Johnson C, Doleh Y, et al. The real-world lifetime economic burden of urothelial carcinoma by stage at diagnosis. J Clin Pathw. 2020;6(4):51-60. 11 Challita-Eid PM, et al. Enfortumab vedotin antibody-drug conjugate targeting nectin-4 is a highly potent therapeutic agent in multiple preclinical cancer models. Cancer Res. 2016;76(10):3003-13. 12 PADCEV [package insert]. Northbrook, IL: Astellas Pharma US, Inc. SOURCE Astellas Pharma Inc. WANT YOUR COMPANY'S NEWS FEATURED ON PRNEWSWIRE.COM? 440k+ Newsrooms & Influencers 9k+ Digital Media Outlets 270k+ Journalists Opted In GET STARTED