IFNAR

引言 在人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus，HIV）感染中，CD8+T细胞对于病毒的清除至关重要【1】。因此，CD8+T细胞生物学动态与HIV感染患者息息相关。在慢性感染和肿瘤中，持续的抗原刺激诱导耗竭性T细胞（exhausted T cell，Tx）的产生【2】。TX的典型特征是由TOX等转录因子驱动的转录组和表观组重塑介导的效应功能减弱和抑制性受体的高表达【2】。值得注意的是，TOX不仅表达于Tx，也会表达于部分多功能效应记忆性T细胞，有时甚至与TCF-1共表达【3,4】，呈现干细胞样特性。研究表明，在大多数HIV感染患者中，HIV-特异性CD8+T细胞耗竭分子表达增加与高病毒载量和疾病进展相关【3,5】。在HIV感染患者外周血中，部分HIV-特异性CD8+T细胞中检测到TCF-1和TOX共表达【4】。作为HIV病毒存在和复制的主要位点，淋巴结内CD8+T细胞的表型和功能状态对于治疗策略的改善和设计至关重要。 近日，美国埃默里大学国家灵长动物研究中心微生物与免疫学部Mirko Paiardini研究团队在Nature Immunology杂志发表了题为Distinct SIV-specific CD8+ T cells in the lymph node exhibit simultaneous effector and stem-like profiles and are associated with limited SIV persistence的研究文章。这项研究通过流式、质谱、scRNA-seq和TCR-seq等分析在淋巴结内鉴定一群具有干细胞特性中间效应功能的SIV-特异性TOXhiTCF1+CD39+CD8+T细胞，该细胞倾向于淋巴滤泡定居并与靶细胞靠近，且能分化为终末效应细胞参与SIV病毒控制，为SIV/HIV感染提供新的免疫治疗靶点。 作者首先在恒河猴中建立猴免疫缺陷病毒（simian immunodefciency virus，SIVmac239）早期（42天）和晚期（17个月）感染模型。流式分析表明淋巴结CD8+T细胞内TOX表达随SIV感染时间延长而显著增加，尤其在CD95+记忆性CD8T细胞（memory CD8+T，TM）。与此同时，流式分析进一步发现淋巴结内 TOX+CD8+TM呈现GzmB+TCF-1-CD39+PD-1+TIGIT+TIM3+CD101+（传统效应T细胞，effector T, TEFF）和GzmK+GzmBlowTCF-1highCD39+PD-1+TIGIT+TIM3+CD101+两种。在未感染恒河猴中，淋巴结CD8+TM主要是TCF1+CD39-（占87%），而TCF1+CD39+只占6%；而在SIV早期感染淋巴结CD8+TM中，TCF1+CD39-占60%，TCF1+CD39+增加至27%；在晚期感染中，TCF1+CD39-降低至30%，而TCF1-CD39+TEFF占30%，TCF1+CD39+增加至40%。尽管TCF1+CD39+细胞群低表达细胞毒GzmB分子，但其与传统TCF1-CD39+TEFF细胞群有相似地活化脱颗粒能力。总之，这些数据表明SIV感染促进淋巴结CD8+T细胞TCF1-CD39+和TCF1+CD39+两种细胞群中TOX表达，虽然TCF1+CD39+细胞低表达细胞毒分子，但表现中间效应功能。 为了深入探究TCF1+CD39+CD8+TM功能，作者分离SIV感染恒河猴淋巴结内TCF1+CD39-、TCF1+CD39+和TCF1-CD39+CD8+TM并行质谱分析。结果证实TCF1+CD39+低表达细胞毒分子，包括perforin、GzmB和GzmA。此外，TCF1+CD39+细胞群高表达CD62L（T细胞迁移和淋巴结驻留相关）、CRTAM（淋巴结驻留）、DAP10、EOMES和IFNAR2（抗病毒相关）、NKG2C、NKG2D、CD94、CD160和GzmM（NK细胞毒相关以及T细胞增殖、扩增和功能相关）、CCL5（限制HIV感染）、ZHX3和PLK1（促增殖）和Bcl6（维持CD8细胞干性）。随后，作者分离早期SIV感染淋巴结中SIV特异性CD8+TM并行scRNA-seq分析，发现细胞分为C1（效应）、C2（干细胞样）、C3（增殖）、C4（IFN）和C5（其他）群。值得注意的是，TCF1+CD39+主要富集在C2群，表明干细胞样特性。TCR-seq分析指出TCF1+CD39+细胞群TCR克隆扩增，且主要克隆型与C1群重叠，表明TCF1+CD39+细胞群与TEFF存在线性关系。研究报道PD-1阻断促进干细胞样CD8+T细胞增殖和向TEFF分化【6】。作者发现PD-1抑制剂确实显著增加TCF1+CD39+CD8+TM和TCF1-CD39+TEFF比例，但Ki-67的增加仅在TCF1+CD39+CD8+TM细胞。这些结果表明TCF1+CD39+CD8+TM是一种有干细胞特性的中间效应细胞群，且具有向TEFF分化的能力。 随后，作者在SIV感染恒河猴中发现TCF1+CD39+CD8+TM的比例与血浆病毒载量以及淋巴结SIV DNA库呈负相关，表明其可以控制病毒和疾病进展。考虑到CD8+T细胞归巢至淋巴结滤泡与低病毒载量有关【7-9】，作者检测TCF+CD39+CD8+T细胞向淋巴结滤泡的迁移能力。首先，相比于TCF-CD8+T细胞，TCF-CD39+和TCF+CD39+CD8+T细胞CXCR5（滤泡归巢受体）表达显著增加，且TCF1+CD39+CD8+TM中CXCR5的表达同样与血浆病毒载量以及淋巴结SIV DNA库呈负相关，表明CXCR5对于TCF1+CD39+CD8+TM抗SIV的重要作用。其次，免疫荧光证实相比于TCF-CD8+T细胞，更多的TCF1+CD39+CD8+TM定位于B淋巴滤泡区，且与病毒RNA+CD4+靶细胞距离更近，表明TCF1+CD39+CD8+TM细胞具有更好的能力与感染CD4+靶细胞相遇以控制病毒。最后，作者在人HIV淋巴结样本中同样检测到TCF1+CD39+CD8+T细胞的存在。虽然低表达GzmB，但抗原刺激同样诱导脱颗粒和IFNγ表达，表明人HIV感染中TCF1+CD39+CD8+TM细胞可能具有类似的抗病毒能力。 综上所述，这项研究在猴和人缺陷免疫病毒感染淋巴结中鉴定一群具有干细胞样中间效应功能的TCF1+CD39+CD8+T细胞群，该细胞尽管缺乏经典细胞毒分子表达，但可以通过CXCR5定位于淋巴结滤泡区并与病毒感染CD4+T细胞作用，并继续分化为终末效应T细胞控制病毒载量，为促进TCF1+CD39+CD8+T扩增介导的病毒控制免疫治疗提供理论基础。 参考文献 1. David R, Collins., Gaurav D, Gaiha., Bruce D, Walker.(2020). CD8+ T cells in HIV control, cure and prevention. Nat Rev Immunol, 20(8), 0. doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0274-9 2. Christian U, Blank., W Nicholas, Haining., Werner, Held., Patrick G, Hogan., Axel, Kallies., Enrico, Lugli., et al. (2019). Defining 'T cell exhaustion'. Nat Rev Immunol, 19(11), 0. doi:10.1038/s41577-019-0221-9 3. Jean-Christophe, Beltra., Sasikanth, Manne., Mohamed S, Abdel-Hakeem., Makoto, Kurachi., et al. (2020). Developmental Relationships of Four Exhausted CD8+ T Cell Subsets Reveals Underlying Transcriptional and Epigenetic Landscape Control Mechanisms. Immunity, 52(5), 0. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.014 4. Takuya, Sekine., André, Perez-Potti., Son, Nguyen., Jean-Baptiste, Gorin., Vincent H, Wu., Emma, et al. (2020). TOX is expressed by exhausted and polyfunctional human effector memory CD8+ T cells. Sci Immunol, 5(49), 0. doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.aba7918 5. David R, Collins., Jonathan M, Urbach., Zachary J, Racenet., Umar, Arshad., Karen A, Power., et al. (2021). Functional impairment of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells precedes aborted spontaneous control of viremia. Immunity, 54(10), 0. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.007 6. Se Jin, Im., Masao, Hashimoto., Michael Y, Gerner., Junghwa, Lee., Haydn T, Kissick., Matheus C, et al. (2016). Defining CD8+ T cells that provide the proliferative burst after PD-1 therapy. Nature, 537(7620), 0. doi:10.1038/nature19330 7. Morgan A, Reuter., Perla M, Del Rio Estrada., Marcus, Buggert., Constantinos, Petrovas., Sara, et al. (2017). HIV-Specific CD8(+) T Cells Exhibit Reduced and Differentially Regulated Cytolytic Activity in Lymphoid Tissue. Cell Rep, 21(12), 0. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.075 8. Son, Nguyen., Claire, Deleage., Samuel, Darko., Amy, Ransier., Duc P, Truong., Divyansh, Agarwal., et al. (2019). Elite control of HIV is associated with distinct functional and transcriptional signatures in lymphoid tissue CD8(+) T cells. Sci Transl Med, 11(523), 0. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aax4077 9. Constantinos, Petrovas., Sara, Ferrando-Martinez., Michael Y, Gerner., Joseph P, Casazza., Amarendra, et al. (2017). Follicular CD8 T cells accumulate in HIV infection and can kill infected cells in vitro via bispecific antibodies. Sci Transl Med, 9(373), 0. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aag2285 https://doi-org.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/10.1038/s41590-024-01875-0 责编|探索君 排版|探索君 来源|BioArt End 往期精选 围观 一文读透细胞死亡(Cell Death) | 24年Cell重磅综述（长文收藏版） 热文 Cell | 是什么决定了细胞的大小？ 热文 Nature | 2024年值得关注的七项技术 热文 Nature | 自身免疫性疾病能被治愈吗？科学家们终于看到了希望 热文 CRISPR技术进化史 | 24年Cell综述

AGOURA HILLS, Calif., Oct. 28, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Oncotelic Therapeutics, Inc (OTCQB:OTLC) announced today its fourth publication of its TGFB2 series. Clinical data demonstrated that pancreatic cancer patients with high expression levels of either TGFB2, IRF9, or IFI27 showed improvement of median overall survival from 16-20 months to 72 months for patients with low levels of expression for both TGFB2 and either IRF9 or IFI27 validating that knockdown of IRF9 and IFI27 as therapeutic targets for TGFB2 therapeutics. https://www.mdpi.com/3003472 The publications of this series are available at Pubmed as follow: 1) TGFB2 mRNA Levels Prognostically Interact with Interferon-Alpha Receptor Activation of IRF9 and IFI27, and an Immune Checkpoint LGALS9 to Impact Overall Survival in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Qazi S, Trieu V. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Oct 18;25(20):11221. doi: 10.3390/ijms252011221. PMID: 39457004 2) Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 (TGFB2) mRNA Levels, in Conjunction with Interferon-Gamma Receptor Activation of Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 (IRF5) and Expression of CD276/B7-H3, Are Therapeutically Targetable Negative Prognostic Markers in Low-Grade Gliomas. Trieu V, Maida AE, Qazi S. Cancers (Basel). 2024 Mar 19;16(6):1202. doi: 10.3390/cancers16061202. PMID: 38539537 Free PMC article. 3) Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 (TGFB2) and Interferon Gamma Receptor 2 (IFNGR2) mRNA Levels in the Brainstem Tumor Microenvironment (TME) Significantly Impact Overall Survival in Pediatric DMG Patients. Qazi S, Talebi Z, Trieu V. Biomedicines. 2024 Jan 15;12(1):191. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12010191. PMID: 38255296 Free PMC article. 4) High Intra-Tumor Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2 Level as a Predictor of Poor Treatment Outcomes in Pediatric Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. Uckun FM, Qazi S, Trieu V. Cancers (Basel). 2023 Mar 9;15(6):1676. doi: 10.3390/cancers15061676. PMID: 36980562 Free PMC article. Additional information on our current phase 3 can be found at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KqdbySDRKE About Oncotelic Oncotelic (f/k/a Mateon Therapeutics, Inc.), was formed in the State of New York in 1988 as OXiGENE, Inc., was reincorporated in the State of Delaware in 1992, and changed its name to Mateon Therapeutics, Inc. in 2016, and Oncotelic Therapeutics, Inc. in November 2020. Oncotelic is seeking to leverage its deep expertise in oncology drug development to improve treatment outcomes and survival of cancer patients with a special emphasis on rare pediatric cancers. Oncotelic has rare pediatric designation for Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (“DIPG” through OT-101) through its 45% joint venture, GMP Biotechnology Limited, melanoma (through CA4P), and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (through OXi 4503). Oncotelic acquired PointR Data Inc. in November 2019 to build an AI driven biotechnology company. Further, Oncotelic acquired AL-101, during the 4th quarter of 2021, for the intranasal delivery of apomorphine. We intend to develop AL-101 for the treatment of Parkinson Disease, erectile dysfunction, female sexual disorder and hypoactive sexual desire disorder. All these ailments have a very large population suffering from them and there is a need for treatments for each. For more information on AL-101, refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K/A filed with the SEC on April 19, 2023. Oncotelic's Cautionary Note on Forward-Looking Statements This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this communication regarding strategy, future operations, future financial position, prospects, plans and objectives of management are forward-looking statements. Words such as "may", "expect", "anticipate" "hope", "vision", "optimism", "design", "exciting", "promising", "will", "conviction", "estimate," "intend," "believe", "quest for a cure of cancer", "innovation-driven", "paradigm-shift", "high scientific merit", "impact potential" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward looking statements contained in this press release include, but are not limited to, statements about future plans related to the operations of the JV, taking the JV into an initial public offering or the success thereof, the progress, timing of clinical development, scope and success of future clinical trials, the reporting of clinical data for the Company’s product candidates and the potential use of the Company's product candidates to treat various cancer indications as well as obtaining required regulatory approval to conduct clinical trials and upon granting of approval by the regulatory agencies, the successful marketing of the products; building and the success of our nanoparticle platform and the related success of launching the platform, the development of the Company’s AI suite including but not limited to AI Chatbots, the public access to the Company’s AI suite, the success of the development of the AI suite or any other AI technologies and whether if any or portion thereof the Company’s AI suite or technologies will be commercialized and launched for sale. Each of these forward-looking statements involves risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially from these forward-looking statements or may not occur at all. Many factors may cause differences between current expectations and actual results, including unexpected safety or efficacy data observed during preclinical or clinical studies, clinical trial site activation or enrollment rates that are lower than expected, changes in expected or existing competition, changes in the regulatory environment, failure of collaborators to support or advance collaborations or product candidates and unexpected litigation or other disputes, taking the Company or its affiliates through initial public offerings. These risks are not exhaustive, the company faces known and unknown risks, including the risk factors described in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K/A filed with the SEC on April 19, 2023 and in the company's other periodic filings. Forward-looking statements are based on expectations and assumptions as of the date of this press release. Except as required by law, the company does not assume any obligation to update forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in expectations, whether because of new information, future events, or otherwise. Contact Information: For Oncotelic Therapeutics, Inc.:Investor Relationsir@oncotelic.com

阿斯利康中国首个自体免疫领域创新产品在大湾区获批 上海 2024年10月21日 /美通社/ -- 阿斯利康今日宣布，Saphnelo（Anifrolumab/阿伏利尤单抗）已正式获得广东省药品监督管理局批准，正式引进大湾区药械通指定医疗机构，用于接受标准治疗但仍然为中度至重度活动性、自身抗体阳性系统性红斑狼疮（Systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE）成人患者的附加疗法。得益于大湾区"港澳药械通"政策，阿伏利尤单抗于近日在香港大学深圳医院首批落地。 阿伏利尤单抗是全球首个且唯一*获批的靶向Ⅰ型干扰素通路的SLE治疗靶向药物。Ⅰ型干扰素通路是驱动SLE发生发展的重要机制。阿伏利尤单抗通过与Ⅰ型干扰素受体靶向结合，可以同时阻断多种亚型Ⅰ型干扰素的作用，从而实现对SLE的治疗效果。研究显示，阿伏利尤单抗能够改善患者临床表现，降低疾病活动度，减少疾病复发，帮助患者实现更好的疾病预后。 系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE) 是一种慢性自身免疫性疾病，其主要特征为血清中出现多种自身抗体，累及皮肤粘膜、肾脏、心血管、肺、神经系统、消化系统、血液系统、眼部等全身多器官和系统。在我国，SLE患病率为30-70/10万，多发于育龄期女性，女性发病年龄多为15-40岁。一直以来，激素治疗贯穿了SLE患者轻、中、重等不同疾病程度的治疗周期，但其副作用也不容忽视。长期服用激素的SLE患者不仅易发生骨质疏松和骨折，也会减弱机体固有的免疫系统防御，增加感染风险，而感染已成为我国SLE患者死亡的首位病因。阿伏利尤单抗的问世为饱受疾病折磨的SLE患者带来了新的治疗选择。 AZALEA亚洲三期临床研究主要研究者（Leading PI）、北京协和医院曾小峰教授 表示，"系统性红斑狼疮是一种常见的自身免疫性风湿病，但目前临床上能够兼顾疗效和安全性的药物非常缺乏。阿伏利尤单抗是一种靶向Ⅰ型干扰素受体的单克隆抗体，也是一种新靶点创新药物。此次阿伏利尤单抗通过'港澳药械通'政策在大湾区获批提前使用，对于SLE患者和临床医生而言都是一项福音。此外，阿伏利尤单抗亚洲Ⅲ期临床研究AZALEA研究也在国内进行中，希望该药能够早日全面获批，造福更多SLE患者！" 香港大学深圳医院风湿免疫科主任张丽君教授 表示，"长期使用激素带来的副作用是SLE临床治疗中难以回避的问题。很高兴我院能够通过'港澳药械通'率先引进阿伏利尤单抗这一突破性创新疗法，期待患者在该药物的帮助下，能够更好地控制疾病活动、改善预后，提升生活质量。我们也期待阿伏利尤单抗能早日正式在中国内地获批，为中国SLE患者带来更多创新治疗选择。" 阿斯利康中国副总裁，呼吸和自体免疫生物制药、疫苗及免疫疗法事业部负责人陈曦 表示："阿斯利康深耕中国市场30余年，始终坚持以患者为中心，聚焦中国患者未被满足的医疗健康需求。阿伏利尤单抗是阿斯利康在中国首个自体免疫领域的创新产品，很高兴看到此次能够通过'港澳药械通'快车道落地大湾区，让粤港澳乃至中国其他地区的系统性红斑狼疮患者都有机会用上全球领先的治疗方案。未来，我们将继续加速研发创新，夯实产品管线，同时积极拓展创新药物的早期准入，进一步改善中国自体免疫疾病患者的生存与生活质量。" 阿斯利康中国香港及澳门总经理吴珊 表示："大湾区在生物医药与健康产业领域都具备良好的发展基础和广阔的发展前景。得益于'港澳药械通'政策，粤港澳三地的医药资源正跨越地域界限、紧密相连，加速惠及大湾区居民。阿斯利康以实际行动积极支持政府加速引进创新药物的举措，相信未来随着政策的持续推进，更多创新合作模式也能让广大中国患者获益。" 阿伏利尤单抗于2021年7月30日得美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）批准，用于治疗中度至重度系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）成人患者，并于2021年9月、2022年2月先后在日本和欧盟获批上市，2022年12月在中国香港获批上市。自2022年起，阿斯利康已在全球各地陆续递交产品上市申请。 *截止于2024年10月17日 声明：该药品在中国内地尚未获批；该药品只能在已获得该药品的使用许可的大湾区指定医院使用。阿斯利康不推荐任何未被批准的药品使用。