Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

THOUSAND OAKS, Calif., Oct. 30, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Amgen (NASDAQ:AMGN) today announced financial results for the third quarter of 2024. "Strong growth in sales and earnings this quarter reflects the momentum we're building throughout our business. We continue to invest heavily in our rapidly advancing pipeline, with a focus on delivering innovative therapies across our core therapeutic areas," said Robert A. Bradway, chairman and chief executive officer. Key results include: For the third quarter, total revenues increased 23% to $8.5 billion in comparison to the third quarter of 2023. Product sales grew 24%, driven by 29% volume growth, partially offset by 2% lower net selling price. Excluding sales from our Horizon Therapeutics (Horizon) acquisition, product sales grew 8%, driven by volume growth of 12%. Ten products delivered at least double-digit sales growth in the third quarter, including Repatha® (evolocumab), TEZSPIRE® (tezepelumab-ekko), BLINCYTO® (blinatumomab), EVENITY® (romosozumab-aqqg), and TAVNEOS® (avacopan). Our performance included $1.2 billion of sales from our rare disease products, driven by several first-in-class, early-in-lifecycle medicines, including TEPEZZA® (teprotumumab-trbw), KRYSTEXXA® (pegloticase), UPLIZNA® (inebilizumab-cdon), and TAVNEOS® (avacopan). GAAP earnings per share (EPS) increased 62% from $3.22 to $5.22, driven by mark-to-market gains on our BeiGene, Ltd. (BeiGene) equity investment and higher revenues, partially offset by higher operating expenses, including amortization expense from Horizon-acquired assets and incremental expenses from Horizon. GAAP operating income remained relatively unchanged at $2.0 billion, and GAAP operating margin decreased 5.8 percentage points to 25.1%. Non-GAAP EPS increased 13% from $4.96 to $5.58, driven by higher revenues, partially offset by higher operating expenses, including incremental expenses from Horizon, and interest expense. Non-GAAP operating income increased from $3.4 billion to $4.0 billion, and non-GAAP operating margin decreased 2.4 percentage points to 49.6%. The Company generated $3.3 billion of free cash flow in the third quarter of 2024 versus $2.5 billion in the third quarter of 2023, driven by business performance and timing of working capital items, partially offset by lower interest income. References in this release to "non-GAAP" measures, measures presented "on a non-GAAP basis" and "free cash flow" (computed by subtracting capital expenditures from operating cash flow) refer to non-GAAP financial measures. Adjustments to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures and other items are presented on the attached reconciliations. Refer to Non-GAAP Financial Measures below for further discussion. Product Sales Performance General Medicine Repatha® (evolocumab) sales increased 40% year-over-year to $567 million in the third quarter, driven by 41% volume growth and 8% favorable changes to estimated sales deductions, partially offset by 10% lower net selling price. EVENITY® (romosozumab-aqqg) sales increased 30% year-over-year to $399 million in the third quarter, driven by volume growth. Prolia® (denosumab) sales increased 6% year-over-year to $1.0 billion in the third quarter, driven by 9% volume growth, partially offset by lower inventory levels. Oncology BLINCYTO® (blinatumomab) sales increased 49% year-over-year to $327 million in the third quarter, primarily driven by volume growth. Vectibix® (panitumumab) sales increased 12% year-over-year to $282 million in the third quarter, primarily driven by volume growth. KYPROLIS® (carfilzomib) sales increased 8% year-over-year to $378 million in the third quarter, primarily driven by volume growth outside the U.S. LUMAKRAS®/LUMYKRAS™ (sotorasib) sales increased 88% year-over-year to $98 million in the third quarter, driven by volume growth and favorable changes to estimated sales deductions. XGEVA® (denosumab) sales increased 4% year-over-year to $541 million in the third quarter, driven by higher net selling price. Nplate® (romiplostim) sales increased 9% year-over-year to $456 million in the third quarter. U.S. government orders were $128 million in Q3'24 compared to $142 million in Q3'23. Excluding these U.S. government orders, Nplate sales grew 18% year-over-year in the third quarter, driven by 14% volume growth and higher net selling price. IMDELLTRA™ (tarlatamab-dlle) generated $36 million of sales in the third quarter. Sales increased 200% quarter-over-quarter, driven by volume growth. IMDELLTRA is the first and only FDA-approved bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE ®) therapy for the treatment of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). MVASI® (bevacizumab-awwb) sales decreased 8% year-over-year to $195 million in the third quarter. Going forward, we expect continued sales erosion driven by competition. Inflammation TEZSPIRE® (tezepelumab-ekko) sales increased 67% year-over-year to $269 million in the third quarter, driven by volume growth. Otezla® (apremilast) sales decreased 1% year-over-year to $564 million in the third quarter, primarily driven by 7% lower net selling price, partially offset by 5% volume growth. Enbrel® (etanercept) sales decreased 20% year-over-year to $825 million in the third quarter, primarily driven by 13% unfavorable changes to estimated sales deductions and 12% lower net selling price. Going forward, we expect continued declining net selling price and relatively flat volumes. AMJEVITA®/AMGEVITA™ (adalimumab) sales increased 9% year-over-year to $166 million in the third quarter. Rare Disease Except for TAVNEOS®, the products listed below were added through the acquisition of Horizon on Oct. 6, 2023. TEPEZZA® (teprotumumab-trbw) generated $488 million of sales in the third quarter. TEPEZZA is the first and only FDA-approved treatment for thyroid eye disease (TED). KRYSTEXXA® (pegloticase) generated $310 million of sales in the third quarter. KRYSTEXXA is the first and only FDA-approved treatment for chronic refractory gout. UPLIZNA® (inebilizumab-cdon) generated $106 million of sales in the third quarter. UPLIZNA is used to treat adults with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. TAVNEOS® (avacopan) generated $80 million of sales in the third quarter. Sales increased 116% year-over-year, primarily driven by volume growth. TAVNEOS is a first-in-class treatment for severe active anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis (ANCA-associated vasculitis). Ultra-Rare products, which consist of RAVICTI® (glycerol phenylbutyrate), PROCYSBI® (cysteamine bitartrate), ACTIMMUNE® (interferon gamma-1b), QUINSAIR® (levofloxacin) and BUPHENYL® (sodium phenylbutyrate), generated $188 million of sales in the third quarter. Established Products Our established products, which consist of EPOGEN® (epoetin alfa), Aranesp® (darbepoetin alfa), Parsabiv® (etelcalcetide) and Neulasta® (pegfilgrastim), generated $550 million of sales. Sales decreased 7% year-over-year for the third quarter, driven by volume declines. In the aggregate, we expect the year-over-year volume declines for this portfolio of products to continue. Product Sales Detail by Product and Geographic Region Operating Expense, Operating Margin and Tax Rate Analysis On a GAAP basis for the third quarter: Total Operating Expenses increased 32% year-over-year. Cost of Sales as a percentage of product sales increased 13.0 percentage points driven by higher amortization expense from Horizon acquisition-related assets and, to a lesser extent, higher royalties and profit share. Research & Development (R&D) expenses increased 34% driven by higher spend in later-stage clinical programs, marketed product support, and research and early pipeline, including Horizon-acquired programs. Selling, General & Administrative (SG&A) expenses increased 20% primarily driven by commercial expenses related to Horizon-acquired products. Other operating expenses consisted primarily of an impairment charge associated with an IPR&D asset and changes in the fair values of contingent consideration liabilities, both related to our Teneobio, Inc. acquisition from 2021. Operating Margin as a percentage of product sales decreased 5.8 percentage points year-over-year to 25.1%. Tax Rate decreased 2.4 percentage points year-over-year primarily due to the change in earnings mix as a result of the inclusion of the Horizon business, partially offset by quarter-to-date 2024 unrealized gains on our strategic equity investments, primarily BeiGene. On a non-GAAP basis for the third quarter: Total Operating Expenses increased 27% year-over-year. Cost of Sales as a percentage of product sales increased 0.4 percentage points driven by higher royalties and profit share, partially offset by lower manufacturing costs and changes in sales mix. R&D expenses increased 35% driven by higher spend in later-stage clinical programs, marketed product support, and research and early pipeline, including Horizon-acquired programs. SG&A expenses increased 21%, primarily driven by commercial expenses related to Horizon-acquired products. Operating Margin as a percentage of product sales decreased 2.4 percentage points year-over-year to 49.6%. Tax Rate decreased 2.7 percentage points year-over-year primarily due to the change in earnings mix as a result of the inclusion of the Horizon business. Cash Flow and Balance Sheet The Company generated $3.3 billion of free cash flow in the third quarter of 2024 versus $2.5 billion in the third quarter of 2023, driven by business performance and timing of working capital items, partially offset by lower interest income. The Company's third quarter 2024 dividend of $2.25 per share was declared on August 2, 2024, and was paid on September 6, 2024, to all stockholders of record as of August 16, 2024, representing a 6% increase from this same period in 2023. During the third quarter, the Company reduced principal debt outstanding by $2.5 billion. Year-to-date, the Company has reduced principal debt outstanding by $4.5 billion. Cash and investments totaled $9.0 billion and debt outstanding totaled $60.4 billion as of September 30, 2024. 2024 Guidance For the full year 2024, the Company now expects: Total revenues in the range of $33.0 billion to $33.8 billion. On a GAAP basis, EPS in the range of $8.71 to $9.56, and a tax rate in the range of 9.0% to 10.5%. On a non-GAAP basis, EPS in the range of $19.20 to $20.00, and a tax rate in the range of 14.0% to 15.0%. Capital expenditures to be approximately $1.3 billion. Share repurchases not to exceed $500 million. Third Quarter Product and Pipeline Update The Company provided the following updates on selected product and pipeline programs: General Medicine MariTide (maridebart cafraglutide, AMG 133) MariTide is a multispecific molecule that inhibits the gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR) and activates the glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor. A Phase 2 study of MariTide is ongoing in adults who are living with overweight or obesity, with or without Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Topline data are anticipated in late 2024. Planning for a broad Phase 3 program across multiple indications remains on track. A Phase 2 study investigating MariTide was initiated for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes in patients with and without obesity. AMG 513 A Phase 1 study of AMG 513 was initiated and is enrolling patients living with obesity. Olpasiran (AMG 890) Olpasiran is a potentially best-in-class small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) molecule that reduces lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) synthesis in the liver. The Ocean(a)-Outcomes trial, a Phase 3 cardiovascular outcomes study, is ongoing in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and elevated Lp(a). Repatha EVOLVE-MI, a Phase 4 study of Repatha administered within 10 days of an acute myocardial infarction to reduce the risk of cardiovascular (CV) events, is ongoing. VESALIUS-CV, a Phase 3 CV outcomes study of Repatha, is ongoing in patients at high CV risk without prior myocardial infarction or stroke. In September data were presented from: a sub-analysis of the FOURIER trial demonstrating that patients with obesity (BMI >35) are at an increased risk of CV events. Repatha treatment of patients with obesity resulted in a reduction in the composite endpoint of CV death, myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina or coronary revascularization at 3 years [HR 0.71 (0.59-0.86), and Absolute Risk Reduction = 5.65%] the SLICE-CEA study, the first randomized trial of Repatha in patients with asymptomatic severe high-risk carotid artery stenosis. The study demonstrated that 6 months of Repatha treatment led to significant reductions in lipid rich necrotic core (LRNC) volume (p=0.017) and its components, intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) (p=0.037) and lipid volume (p=0.023) in the carotid vessels, as assessed by MRI. Oncology IMDELLTRA IMDELLTRA is a first-in-class delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) targeting BiTE® (bispecific T-cell engager) molecule. The Company is advancing a comprehensive global clinical development program across extensive-stage and limited-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC): DeLLphi-304, a Phase 3 study comparing IMDELLTRA with standard of care chemotherapy in second-line extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC), is ongoing. DeLLphi-305, a Phase 3 study comparing IMDELLTRA and durvalumab with durvalumab alone, is enrolling patients with first-line ES-SCLC. DeLLphi-306, a Phase 3 study comparing IMDELLTRA with placebo following concurrent chemoradiation therapy, is enrolling patients with limited-stage SCLC. DeLLphi-308, a Phase 1b study evaluating subcutaneous tarlatamab, was initiated in patients with second line or later ES-SCLC. DeLLphi-303, a Phase 1b study of IMDELLTRA in combination with a programmed cell death protein ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitor +/- carboplatin and etoposide, is ongoing in patients with first-line ES-SCLC. DeLLphi-302, a Phase 1b study of IMDELLTRA in combination with AMG 404 in patients with second-line or later SCLC, is complete. AMG 404 is an anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) monoclonal antibody. DeLLpro-300, a Phase 1b study of IMDELLTRA in patients with previously treated de novo or treatment-emergent neuroendocrine prostate cancer, is complete. In September, data were presented from: DeLLphi-301, a Phase 2 study of IMDELLTRA where extended follow-up data demonstrated sustained anti-cancer activity and a manageable safety profile in patients with ES-SCLC previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Among 100 patients treated with the 10 mg dose level, the median duration of response was 9.7 months (95% CI, 6.9‒NE) and the median overall survival was 15.2 months. No new safety concerns were identified. DeLLphi-303, a Phase 1b study of IMDELLTRA combined with a PD-L1 inhibitor as first-line ES-SCLC maintenance therapy. With a median follow-up of 10.0 months (range 1.4 - 20.4), IMDELLTRA in combination with a PD-L1 inhibitor, demonstrated a manageable safety profile with durable disease control [median duration of disease control: 9.3 months (95% CI: 5.6–not estimable)] and notable survival outcomes [median PFS 5.6 months (95% CI: 3.6–9.0), 9-month Kaplan-Meier estimate for OS of 88.9%]. BLINCYTO Golden Gate, a Phase 3 study of BLINCYTO alternating with low-intensity chemotherapy, continues to enroll older adult patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-negative B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). A Phase 1/2 study of subcutaneous blinatumomab has completed enrollment in the dose-expansion and optimization phase in adult patients with relapsed or refractory Ph-negative B-ALL. The Company is planning to advance blinatumomab subcutaneous administration to a potentially registration-enabling Phase 2 portion of this study with initiation in H2 2025. Xaluritamig (AMG 509) Xaluritamig is a first-in-class bispecific T-cell engager targeting six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 1 (STEAP1). The Company will initiate a Phase 3 study in post-taxane metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) in fourth quarter of 2024. A Phase 1 monotherapy dose-expansion study of xaluritamig is ongoing in patients with mCRPC and has completed enrollment of patients in a reduced monitoring after treatment administration cohort. A fully outpatient treatment cohort continues to enroll patients to further improve administration convenience. A Phase 1 combination of xaluritamig with enzalutamide or abiraterone continues to enroll patients with mCRPC in dose-escalation and dose-expansion respectively. A Phase 1b study evaluating neoadjuvant xaluritamig therapy prior to radical prostatectomy was initiated in patients with newly diagnosed localized intermediate or high–risk prostate cancer. A Phase 1b study was initiated and is now enrolling patients to evaluate xaluritamig in patients with high-risk nonmetastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer after definitive therapy. In September results were presented from: a Phase 1 dose exploration cohort evaluating xaluritamig monotherapy in patients with mCRPC where with a median follow-up of 27.9 months, the median OS was 17.7 months across all cohorts. An encouraging PSA90 rate (45.1%) was also observed in high-dose cohorts, and presence of PSA90 response was associated with survival (p = 0.0044), potentially serving as an early indicator for benefit in these patients. a Phase 1 dose-expansion cohort evaluating xaluritamig monotherapy using multiple dosing regimens in patients with mCRPC demonstrated that the 1.5 mg Q2W target dosing regimen is the most favorable efficacy and safety profile and will be the recommended Phase 3 dose and schedule. AMG 193 AMG 193 is a first-in-class small molecule methylthioadenosine (MTA)-cooperative protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) inhibitor. A Phase 1/1b/2 study of AMG 193 continues to enroll patients with advanced methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP)-null solid tumors in the dose-expansion portion of the study. A Phase 1b study of AMG 193 alone or in combination with other therapies is enrolling patients with advanced MTAP-null thoracic malignancies. A Phase 1b study of AMG 193 in combination with other therapies in advanced MTAP-null gastrointestinal, biliary tract, and pancreatic cancers is enrolling patients. A Phase 1/2 study of AMG 193 in combination with IDE397, an investigational methionine adenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2A) inhibitor, continues to enroll patients with advanced MTAP-null solid tumors. A Phase 2 study evaluating the efficacy, safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of AMG 193 was initiated in patients with MTAP-null previously treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In September, data were presented from a Phase 1 dose-escalation and initial dose-expansion study of AMG 193 in patients with MTAP-null solid tumors. The data demonstrated monotherapy activity and an acceptable safety profile. These data open opportunities to explore both monotherapy and combination therapy development strategies. Bemarituzumab Bemarituzumab is a first-in-class fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b (FGFR2b) targeting monoclonal antibody. FORTITUDE-101, a Phase 3 study of bemarituzumab plus chemotherapy, is ongoing in patients with first-line gastric cancer. FORTITUDE-102, a Phase 1b/3 study of bemarituzumab plus chemotherapy and nivolumab in patients with first-line gastric cancer, has completed enrollment of the Phase 3 portion of the study. FORTITUDE-103, a Phase 1b/2 study of bemarituzumab plus oral chemotherapy regimens with or without nivolumab, continues to enroll patients in first-line gastric cancer. FORTITUDE-301, a Phase 1b/2 basket study of bemarituzumab monotherapy, is ongoing in patients with solid tumors with FGFR2b overexpression. Nplate The primary analysis of a Phase 3 study of Nplate as supportive care in chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia in gastrointestinal malignancies is complete. The Company continues to follow patients through a planned final analysis in H1 2025. Data presentation at a medical congress is anticipated in mid-2025. LUMAKRAS/LUMYKRAS CodeBreaK 202, a Phase 3 study of LUMAKRAS plus chemotherapy vs. pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy, is enrolling patients with first-line KRAS G12C–mutated and programmed PD-L1 negative advanced NSCLC. Regulatory review by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) of the CodeBreaK 200 Phase 3 study of adults with previously treated locally advanced or metastatic KRAS G12C–mutated NSCLC along with data from the Phase 2 dose-comparison substudy is ongoing. The U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) extended the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) date for the Phase 3 CodeBreaK 300 study of LUMAKRAS plus Vectibix vs. investigator's choice of therapy in KRAS G12C–mutated metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) from October 17, 2024, to January 17, 2025, to allow time for review of recently submitted supplemental data. CodeBreaK 301, a Phase 3 study of LUMAKRAS in combination with Vectibix and FOLFIRI, is enrolling patients with first-line KRAS G12C–mutated CRC. Inflammation TEZSPIRE The Company is planning to initiate Phase 3 studies in patients with moderate to very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and a BEC ≥ 150 cells/µl or greater. Study initiation is anticipated in H1 2025. A Phase 3 study of TEZSPIRE is ongoing in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Data readout is anticipated in H2 2024. A Phase 3 study of TEZSPIRE continues to enroll patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. In severe asthma, the WAYFINDER Phase 3b study and the PASSAGE Phase 4 real-world effectiveness study are fully enrolled. The SUNRISE Phase 3 study continues to enroll patients. Rocatinlimab (AMG 451/KHK4083) Rocatinlimab is a first-in-class T-cell rebalancing monoclonal antibody targeting the OX40 receptor. The eight study ROCKET Phase 3 program continues to enroll patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD). To date, over 3,200 patients have been enrolled in the ROCKET program, with six studies having completed enrollment. In September, the Company reported results from the Phase 3 HORIZON study (part of the ROCKET program), evaluating rocatinlimab monotherapy vs. placebo in adults with moderate-to-severe AD. The study met its co-primary endpoints and all key secondary endpoints, achieving statistical significance versus placebo at week 24. 32.8% of patients in the rocatinlimab group achieved ≥ 75% reduction from baseline in Eczema Area and Severity Index score (EASI-75), compared to 13.7% placebo treated (19.1% difference, p<0.001). 19.3% of patients in the rocatinlimab group achieved a Validated Investigator's Global Assessment for Atopic Dermatitis (vIGA-ADTM) score of 0 (clear) or 1 (almost clear) with a ≥ 2-point reduction from baseline, compared to 6.6% in placebo (12.8% difference, p<0.001). In the U.S., a more stringent scoring method was used (revised Investigator's Global Assessment, or rIGA) where 16.4% of patients in the rocatinlimab group achieved a score of 0 (clear) or 1 (almost clear) with a ≥ 2-point reduction from baseline, compared to 4.9% in placebo (11.5% difference, p<0.001). Safety findings were consistent with those seen in the Phase 2b AD study. Additional key data readouts from the ROCKET Phase 3 program are expected in late 2024 through H2 2025: ROCKET SHUTTLE is a 24-week study evaluating rocatinlimab in combination with topical corticosteroids and/or topical calcineurin inhibitors in adult patients with moderate-to-severe AD. Data readout is anticipated in late 2024 to early 2025. ROCKET IGNITE is a 24-week study evaluating rocatinlimab monotherapy in adult patients with moderate-to-severe AD. Data readout is anticipated in late 2024 to early 2025. ROCKET ASCEND is a study evaluating rocatinlimab maintenance therapy in adult and adolescent patients with moderate-to-severe AD. Data readout is anticipated in H2 2025. ROCKET ASTRO is a 52-week study evaluating rocatinlimab in adolescent patients with moderate-to-severe AD. Data readout is anticipated in H2 2025. A Phase 2 study of rocatinlimab is enrolling patients with moderate-to-severe asthma. A Phase 3 study of rocatinlimab is enrolling patients with prurigo nodularis. Otezla In September data were presented from: a Phase 3 study of Japanese patients with Palmoplantar Pustulosis (PPP) demonstrating maintained or increased efficacy (compared with the week 16 primary analysis) and no new safety signals with 52 weeks of Otezla treatment. the DISCREET moderate-to-severe genital psoriasis study demonstrating that improvements in disease severity, symptoms, and quality of life with Otezla treatment were maintained at week 32. No new safety signals were observed. the FOREMOST study of patients with oligoarticular psoriatic arthritis, where Otezla demonstrated sustained benefits in skin, joint, fatigue, and pain symptoms through 48-weeks. Blinatumomab Blinatumomab is a bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) molecule targeting CD19. A Phase 2 study of blinatumomab was initiated in patients with autoimmune disease with an initial focus on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with nephritis. Inebilizumab Inebilizumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD19. A Phase 2 study of inebilizumab was initiated in patients with autoimmune disease with an initial focus on SLE with nephritis. Efavaleukin alfa (AMG 592) Efavaleukin alfa is an interleukin 2 (IL 2) mutein Fc fusion protein. A Phase 2b study of efavaleukin alfa in patients with ulcerative colitis was terminated due to the study meeting a prespecified futility threshold, and not related to safety concerns. Ordesekimab (AMG 714/PRV-015) Ordesekimab is a monoclonal antibody that binds interleukin-15. A Phase 2b study of ordesekimab is ongoing in patients with nonresponsive celiac disease. AMG 104 (AZD8630) AMG 104 is an inhaled anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) fragment antigen-binding (Fab). A Phase 2 study was initiated in patients with asthma. Rare Disease TAVNEOS A Phase 3, open-label study of TAVNEOS in combination with Rituximab or a cyclophosphamide-containing regimen, is enrolling patients from 6 years to < 18 years of age with active ANCA-associated vasculitis (Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) / Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA)). TEPEZZA In September, TEPEZZA was approved for the treatment of active Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) by Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW). Regulatory review in multiple additional geographies continues. A Phase 3 study of TEPEZZA in Japan continues to enroll patients with chronic or low clinical activity score TED. A Phase 3 study evaluating the subcutaneous route of administration of teprotumumab is enrolling patients with TED. KRYSTEXXA Data from the AGILE study evaluating the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of KRYSTEXXA administered with a shorter infusion duration in patients with uncontrolled gout receiving methotrexate as co-administration will be presented at the American College of Rheumatology Convergence (ACR) in November. UPLIZNA The Company recently presented results of the Phase 3 MINT clinical study evaluating the efficacy and safety of UPLIZNA for the treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG). UPLIZNA demonstrated a clinically meaningful and statistically significant Myasthenia Gravis Activities of Daily Living (MG-ADL) score improvement after two doses compared to placebo at Week 26: -4.2 overall improvement, -1.9 placebo adjusted (p < 0.0001, primary endpoint). In the acetylcholine receptor autoantibody-positive (AChR+) population, UPLIZNA demonstrated a clinically meaningful and statistically significant MG-ADL score improvement compared to placebo at Week 26: -4.2 overall improvement, -1.8 placebo adjusted (p = 0.0015, secondary endpoint). In the muscle-specific kinase autoantibody-positive (MuSK+) population, UPLIZNA demonstrated a clinically meaningful and statistically significant MG-ADL score improvement compared to placebo at Week 26: -3.9 overall improvement, -2.2 placebo adjusted (p = 0.0297, secondary endpoint). UPLIZNA demonstrated a statistically significant Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis (QMG) score improvement after two doses compared to placebo at week 26: -4.8 overall improvement, -2.5 placebo adjusted (p = 0.0002, secondary endpoint). In the AChR+ population, UPLIZNA demonstrated a clinically meaningful and statistically significant QMG score improvement compared to placebo at week 26: -4.4 overall improvement, -2.5 placebo adjusted (p = 0.0011, secondary endpoint). In the MuSK+ population, the mean change from baseline in QMG score at Week 26 showed a trend favoring UPLIZNA but was not statistically significant (-5.2 for UPLIZNA and -3.0 for placebo, difference -2.3, p=0.1326). Patients who entered the study taking corticosteroids were tapered down starting at Week 4 to prednisone 5 mg per day by Week 24. The overall safety results during the placebo-controlled period of the study were consistent with the known safety profile of UPLIZNA. 52-week data from the AChR+ cohort and from AChR+ and MuSK+ patients in the open-label period of the study will be presented at a future date. Planning for regulatory submissions for gMG is underway. In August, the FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation for UPLIZNA in the treatment of Immunoglobulin G4-related diseases (IgG4-RD) based upon data from the Phase 3 MITIGATE study. Regulatory filing activities for IgG4-RD are underway. MITIGATE results will be presented at ACR in November. Dazodalibep Dazodalibep is a fusion protein that inhibits CD40L. Two Phase 3 studies of dazodalibep in Sjögren's disease are enrolling patients. The first study is in patients with moderate-to-severe systemic disease activity, and the second study is in patients with moderate-to-severe symptomatic burden and low systemic disease activity. Daxdilimab Daxdilimab is a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting immunoglobulin-like transcript 7 (ILT7). A Phase 2 study of daxdilimab is ongoing in patients with moderate-to-severe active primary discoid lupus erythematosus refractory to standard of care. A Phase 2 study of daxdilimab is ongoing in patients with dermatomyositis and antisynthetase inflammatory myositis. Fipaxalparant Fipaxalparant is a lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1) antagonist. A Phase 2 study of fipaxalparant in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is complete. The study did not meet any of the primary or secondary endpoints. Development of fipaxalparant in this indication will be discontinued. A Phase 2 study of fipaxalparant has completed enrollment of patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Biosimilars In August, the FDA approved PAVBLUTM (aflibercept-ayyh) (ABP 938), a biosimilar candidate to EYLEA® (aflibercept), for the treatment of retinal conditions, including neovascular age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD), macular edema following retinal vein occlusion, diabetic macular edema, and diabetic retinopathy. A randomized, double-blind pharmacokinetic similarity study of ABP 206 compared with OPDIVO® (nivolumab) is enrolling patients with resected stage III or stage IV melanoma in the adjuvant setting. A randomized, double-blind comparative clinical study of ABP 206 compared with OPDIVO is enrolling patients with treatment-naïve unresectable or metastatic melanoma. A randomized, double-blind combined pharmacokinetic/comparative clinical study of ABP 234 compared to KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab) is enrolling patients with advanced or metastatic non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer. TEZSPIRE is being developed in collaboration with AstraZeneca. AMG 104 is being developed in collaboration with AstraZeneca. Rocatinlimab, formerly AMG 451/KHK4083, is being developed in collaboration with Kyowa Kirin. Ordesekimab, formerly AMG 714 and also known as PRV-015, is being developed in collaboration with Provention Bio, a Sanofi Company. For the purposes of the collaboration, Provention Bio conducts a clinical trial and leads certain development and regulatory activities for the program. Xaluritamig, formerly AMG 509, is being developed pursuant to a research collaboration with Xencor, Inc. IDE397 is an investigational MAT2A inhibitor from IDEAYA Biosciences. EYLEA is a registered trademark of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. OPDIVO is a registered trademark of Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. KEYTRUDA is a registered trademark of Merck & Co., Inc. Non-GAAP Financial Measures In this news release, management has presented its operating results for the third quarters of 2024 and 2023, in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and on a non-GAAP basis. In addition, management has presented its full year 2024 EPS and tax guidance in accordance with GAAP and on a non-GAAP basis. These non-GAAP financial measures are computed by excluding certain items related to acquisitions, divestitures, restructuring and certain other items from the related GAAP financial measures. Management has presented Free Cash Flow (FCF), which is a non-GAAP financial measure, for the third quarters of 2024 and 2023. FCF is computed by subtracting capital expenditures from operating cash flow, each as determined in accordance with GAAP. The Company believes that its presentation of non-GAAP financial measures provides useful supplementary information to and facilitates additional analysis by investors. The Company uses certain non-GAAP financial measures to enhance an investor's overall understanding of the financial performance and prospects for the future of the Company's normal and recurring business activities by facilitating comparisons of results of normal and recurring business operations among current, past and future periods. 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点击上方“蓝字”关注我们吧！ 呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）是儿童急性呼吸道感染的主要病因之一，暴露于包括香烟烟雾、颗粒物、苯、臭氧（O3）、一氧化碳（CO）或二氧化氮（NO2）在内的空气污染则可能增加RSV发病率和严重程度。世界卫生组织（WHO）已公布六种最重要的空气污染物清单，包括颗粒物≤直径10μm的颗粒物（PM10）、直径在0.1至2.5μm之间的颗粒物（PM2.5）、NO2、O3、二氧化硫（SO2）和CO。 目前关于RSV和空气污染的确切病理机制数据较少，主要结论集中在宿主抗病毒能力下降、促进病毒进入和病毒载量增加、病毒从主要感染细胞释放增加、炎症反应延长和/或加重（可能导致组织病理改变，粘液分泌增强和气道高反应（AHR）），其中最重要的共同机制之一似乎由氧化应激所介导。 N-乙酰半胱氨酸（NAC）作为一种具有抗氧化和抗炎特性的粘液溶解药物，已广泛应用于慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）、支气管扩张症、特发性肺纤维化等临床研究中。一篇发布在《International Journal of Molecular Sciences》（IF=4.9）的系统综述回顾现有文献以确定NAC在治疗RSV感染和空气污染中的分子作用机制[1]。 研究设计 研究者对Scopus、PubMed（Medline）和Cochrane数据库进行了系统的文献检索，检索数据库中1998年至2023年9月7日期间所有分析NAC在RSV感染或空气污染中的分子作用机制的原始研究。共检索出167项研究，去重后，根据摘要和标题排除了122项研究，阅读全文最后筛选出28项原始研究纳入系统综述。 研究结果 NAC可减少病毒进入 空气污染主要通过两种机制促进病毒进入： (1)损伤保护屏障（由于现有屏障受损或存在额外的运输通道）； (2)病毒吸附增加（由于细胞表面的变化促进病毒粘附，或RSV获得特殊毒力，从而促进其粘附到细胞表面或进入），但暂未发现关于RSV毒力增加的信息（图1）。 ①NAC可改善上皮屏障通透性 Smallcombe等人在人支气管上皮细胞和小鼠模型中证明，TiO2-NP通过破坏顶端连接复合物（AJC）和重塑细胞内细胞骨架肌动蛋白对AJC的锚定以增强RSV诱导的上皮屏障瓦解，使上皮变得“渗漏”，从而增强病毒感染。通过评估病毒降低滴度，NAC治疗减少了AJC分解，改善了上皮通透性，降低了RSV感染程度。 氧化应激在其中扮演着不容忽视的作用，研究发现共暴露于RSV和TiO2-NP后细胞内活性氧（ROS）水平迅速增加，并保持高水平长达36小时；Wen等人的研究证实暴露于TiO2-NP后过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性增加，ROS上调，许多细胞间隙和内皮层通透性增加，内皮钙黏蛋白（VE-cadherin）表达降低，而NAC的使用逆转了氧化应激和间隙的形成，表明其在氧化应激中发挥关键作用。 ②NAC可抑制血清细胞间粘附分子1（ICAM-1）表达 ICAM-1是一种存在于多种细胞表面的糖蛋白，包括上皮细胞和内皮细胞、淋巴细胞和单核细胞，RSV感染诱导人内皮细胞上ICAM-1表达呈时间和剂量依赖性过度增加。 Mata等研究表明，在RSV培养的原代正常人支气管上皮细胞（NHBEC）中，使用NAC预处理可消除ICAM-1表达增加现象；Modestou等人发现香烟烟雾提取物抑制干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）诱导的人器官支气管上皮细胞（hTBE）中ICAM-1的表达，但NAC和谷胱甘肽单乙基酯（GSH-MEE）能够减轻这种抑制作用。 除ICAM-1外，空气污染还可能诱导其他表面分子表达：TiO2-NP诱导内皮细胞中ICAM-1、血管细胞间黏附分子1（VCAM-1）、血小板内皮细胞黏附分子（PECAM-1）和选择素（E和P）的表达，以及它们在单核细胞上的配体包括早期[E-选择素配体（sLex）和P-选择素配体（PSGL-1）]和晚期粘附分子[ICAM-1配体（LFA-1）、VCAM-1配体（VLA-4）和PECAM-1配体（αVβ3）]的受体表达，而NAC可抑制表面受体的表达。 ③NAC可阻断表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）磷酸化 RSV进入细胞的另一种机制涉及EGFR的磷酸化和激活以及与EGFR相关信号因子的级联反应（PI3K、PKC、Cdc42、PAK1和N-Wasp）。RSV与细胞表面结合即激活EGFR的磷酸化及其下游信号级联，通过微胞饮作用引起肌动蛋白重排和内吞。NAC可阻断人支气管上皮细胞（HBECS）中EGFR的磷酸化，从而阻止病毒的内吞作用并减少感染。 NAC可抑制病毒载量增加 病毒载量增加可能源于宿主抗病毒反应降低、感染开始后RSV释放加速（通过促进从主要感染细胞释放）或由于RSV获得异常毒力（图2）。 ①NAC可恢复抗病毒反应 人T细胞和自然杀伤（NK）细胞具有产生IFN-γ的能力，IFN-γ与其受体结合，并通过磷酸化Stat1导致Janus激酶/信号转导和转录激活因子（JAK/STAT）通路激活，二聚磷酸化的Stat1随后易位到细胞核并激活抗病毒基因。香烟烟雾提取物（CSE）抑制Stat1的磷酸化，并抑制IFN-γ介导的RSV mRNA和RSV蛋白表达降低，而使用NAC或GSH-MEE可恢复IFN-γ的抗病毒作用。 ②NAC可抑制病毒释放 在暴露于CSE和RSV的hTBE细胞中观察到较高的病毒载量似乎与香烟烟雾可能阻止RSV诱导的caspase激活有关。在受CSE和RSV侵袭的细胞中，坏死比凋亡更明显，这导致病毒从感染细胞中释放出来，而不是凋亡。 一系列实验表明，使用NAC和醛脱氢酶能够部分逆转上皮细胞从凋亡到坏死的转变，这表明ROS和丙烯醛在这一复杂系统中发挥了重要作用。细胞模型显示，无香烟烟雾暴露的RSV也会产生ROS，并激活蛋白激酶/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶点（AMPK-MTOR）信号通路，从而诱导自噬，促进病毒感染。敲除自噬基因（如beclin1）或用AMPK抑制剂（化合物C）或NAC治疗能够抑制RSV复制，但化合物C仅能阻断自噬依赖性RSV复制，NAC则具有抑制自噬依赖性和自噬非依赖性途径的能力。 Zhou等人的研究将细胞凋亡标志物的评估与临床角度相结合，在126例老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者中采用口服NAC、吸入硫酸特布他林和两者联合三种治疗方法。所有治疗方案均可降低Fas受体/凋亡抗原1（Fas/APO-1）和可溶性Fas（sFas）水平，改善氧化还原状态，即ROS降低、氧化应激指标丙二醛（MDA）降低，并伴有超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）升高，且两药合用效果最佳。 NAC可减轻过度的宿主反应 ①NAC可减轻过度的促炎反应 A． NAC可减少促炎趋化因子和细胞因子的产生 许多促炎趋化因子和细胞因子被认为与RSV感染和空气污染共同暴露后的强烈的免疫反应有关，具有广泛数据支持的包括白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-8（IL-8）、白细胞介素-17（IL-17）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）的作用，以及在激活后调节的正常T细胞表达和分泌（RANTES）（图3）。 Lei Chi等人的研究证实了NAC的抗炎作用：NAC处理后细胞上清液中mRNA表达和细胞因子浓度（TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β和IL-18）均显著降低；Mata等人的研究也表明NAC抑制IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α的表达；在苯并[a]芘引起的急性肺损伤小鼠模型中，NAC预处理能够减轻炎症反应，降低TNF-α、IL-6、MCP-1、MIP-2（巨噬细胞炎症蛋白2，Cxcl2）基因的表达。 B．NAC可降低NF-κB刺激作用 Carpenter证明了NAC抑制RSV诱导的趋化因子表达的方式与TNF-α不同，提示氧化还原敏感的NF-κB通路参与了IL-8、MCP-1和RANTES的诱导。 当HBEC（BEAS-2B）、正常人支气管上皮（NHBE）和COPD人支气管上皮（DHBE）细胞暴露于PM2.5后，NF-κB靶细胞因子的结合活性和分泌均表现出剂量依赖性增加。长时间暴露于PM2.5会导致核因子-红细胞2p45相关因子2（NRF2）信号通路部分失活，破坏线粒体氧化还原稳态。NRF2/Kelch样环氧氯丙烷相关蛋白1（KEAP-1）是抗氧化反应的关键调节因子，KEAP1释放NRF2导致其蛋白体降解，从而刺激包括血红素加氧酶1（HO1）基因在内的NRF2靶基因产生抗氧化作用。 Mata等人的研究描述了NAC作用诱导的抗氧化机制：感染RSV后第15天HO1表达下降，NAC预处理后HO1表达不仅恢复且升高。由于NRF2本身表现出复杂的时变反应，RSV感染后，总抗氧化状态（TAS）即细胞对氧化事件的反应能力下降，使用1mM NAC预处理恢复，使用10mM NAC预处理后增加。此外，NAC能够抑制NF-κB向细胞核的易位以及p38/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）的磷酸化以调节NRF2的表达。 IL-8和RANTES的产生均受柴油尾气颗粒诱导，p38/MAPK磷酸化在HBECs中起关键作用，NAC预处理不仅降低了p38 MAPK磷酸化酪氨酸和苏氨酸的数量，也因此降低了IL-8和RANTES的浓度。MAPK信号通路包括三个信号通路：细胞外信号相关激酶（ERK）、Jun氨基末端激酶（JNK）和p38，它们将信号从细胞膜传递到细胞核，Wang等人使用细胞（HBECs）和动物（小鼠）模型进行的一项研究表明，在暴露于颗粒物之前使用NAC预处理可阻断ERK、JNK和p38的磷酸化。 C．NAC可阻止或减少氧化应激 氧化应激在RSV和空气污染的相互作用中起着至关重要的作用，NAC可有效阻止或减少氧化应激的危害。RSV感染HBECs模型（BEAS-2B）显示，RSV诱导ROS和MDA的产生，SOD活性和细胞内还原型谷胱甘肽/氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSH/GSSG）比值。NAC处理可抑制ROS和MDA的产生，提高SOD活性和GSH/GSSG比值，从而减弱RSV感染的病理效应。柴油尾气暴露的体外模型表明，NAC具有恢复细胞内GSH/GSSG比值、抵消脂质和蛋白质氧化、抑制氧化应激诱导的HO-1表达的能力。 在人体和动物模型中，颗粒物均可诱导ROS以剂量和时间依赖的方式产生，而NAC预处理能够阻断ROS的产生；缺氧-再氧化应激通过增加ROS的产生对人上皮细胞造成损伤，NAC可有效缓解该现象；此外，RSV感染会增加热休克70kDa蛋白6（HSPA6），而NAC可有效阻断HSPA6 mRNA和蛋白表达。 D．NAC可减轻病原相关分子模式（PAMP）激活带来的影响 toll样受体（TLRs）是膜结合的模式识别受体（PRRs），TLR3、TLR7、TLR8和TLR9识别特定的病毒基因组成分，并在病毒诱导的信号转导中发挥关键作用。Wang等人的研究证实了人肺上皮A549细胞中TLR3的激活与氧化应激之间存在相关性。 RSV感染细胞羟基自由基（·OH）和一氧化氮（NO）浓度升高，SOD总活性降低，NAC预处理可降低这些影响，并且·OH和NO水平均与RSV感染持续时间呈时间依赖性；在mRNA表达方面，RSV感染后TLR3和NF-κB上调，干扰素调节因子-3（IRF3）和超氧化物歧化酶1（SOD1）基因下调，NAC预处理可逆转mRNA和蛋白的表达模式，提示氧化应激可能在TLR3激活和炎症反应增强中起调节作用。 ②NAC可抑制过度的粘液分泌 RSV感染和空气污染（如香烟烟雾）可能增加粘液分泌，MUC5AC作为一种形成凝胶的粘蛋白，是人类粘液的主要成分之一，Mata等人的研究表明，NAC能够抑制粘蛋白基因MUC5AC的释放。 ③NAC可改善肺部结构异常 在慢性鼻窦炎或COPD等病理条件下，杯状细胞化生和MUC5AC表达增加，而香烟烟雾增强了病理反应，这主要是由EGFR通路介导的。Mata等人研究发现，感染RSV的NHBECs的纤毛阳性和β管蛋白阳性细胞数量下降，并伴有轴突基底体超微结构异常，而NAC能够以剂量依赖的方式抑制上调，恢复上皮功能；Lei Chi等人的研究也表明，在人HBECs（BEAS-2B细胞）中，NAC处理抑制了EGFR的磷酸化和MUC5AC的激活。 大鼠肺支气管肺泡灌洗（BAL）表现为高浓度环境颗粒引起的多形核白细胞内流，并伴有细支气管血管增厚、细支气管炎症和肺水肿等组织病理改变，NAC预处理逆转了多形核白细胞内流，动物无组织学变化。此外，NAC预处理可逆转小鼠肺部颗粒物诱导的PM沉积周围炎症细胞浸润，减少支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞数量，提高肺损伤评分。 ④NAC可减轻肺气肿 Cai等研究显示NAC可减轻吸烟致COPD大鼠晚期肺气肿，NAC处理大鼠的平均线性截距（MLI）和破坏指数（DI）均较低。重要的是，NAC降低了肺泡间隔细胞的凋亡指数（AI），逆转了血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）及其受体蛋白（VEGFR2）表达的下降，AI与VEGF水平呈负相关。苯并[a]芘引起的小鼠组织病理学改变包括气道壁增厚，MLI减少，DI增加，经NAC预处理后均有缓解，肺病理总评分均有改善。 另一种小鼠模型研究了臭氧诱导的COPD，并比较了NAC的预防和治疗作用，结果显示，暴露前给予NAC能够减少BAL和气道平滑肌（ASM）肿块中的巨噬细胞数量，而治疗性给药能够减少ASM肿块和凋亡细胞数量，但肺气肿不可逆。肺气肿的机制复杂，与基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）尤其是MMP-9和MMP-12相关，在颗粒物暴露模型中，NAC预处理后HBECs和BALF中MMP-9的表达和水平均降低。 ⑤NAC可减轻DNA损伤和衰老 氧化应激诱导DNA损伤，并可能引发细胞衰老（增殖停止），这已在RSV感染中得到证实。RSV感染后，ROS产生增加，DNA损伤和增殖阻滞标志物表达增加，而NAC可显著减少受损细胞核的数量，但其保护作用仅对新生DNA损伤灶有效，对先前存在的DNA损伤灶几乎无效。 各种空气污染物包括颗粒物（PM2.5、PM10）、NO或香烟烟雾对衰老和细胞衰老也有类似的影响，而氧化应激则是最合理的相互作用机制。Kang等人研究证实NAC预处理可逆转空气污染物对ROS生成和DNA断裂的影响，在防止DNA损伤和细胞衰老方面发挥保护作用。 NAC可降低气道高反应（AHR） 混合暴露于RSV和空气污染可导致RANTES、MCP-1和NGF水平升高，白血病抑制因子（LIF）水平降低，从而导致AHR，而上述研究证明了NAC在RSV暴露和空气污染暴露（分别为柴油排放和苯并芘）模型中降低RANTES和MCP-1水平的有效性，这可能进一步导致AHR降低或消失。 · 总结 · 本综述确定了NAC用于减轻RSV感染和空气污染影响的潜在分子机制，包括阻断病毒进入、降低病毒载量和过度的宿主反应（炎症反应增强、粘液分泌增加、AHR、DNA损伤和/或细胞衰老）等。未来应开展进一步研究以调查RSV感染期间NAC的作用，并重点关注NAC在最重要的六种空气污染物中发挥的分子机制。 参考文献 [1]Wrotek A, Badyda A, Jackowska T. Molecular Mechanisms of N-Acetylcysteine in RSV Infections and Air Pollution-Induced Alterations: A Scoping Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2024，25(11):6051.  提示：本材料仅供医疗卫生专业人士进行医学科学交流，不用于推广目的。

IND2025主会场授课已被预定，大会第一天下午茶歇前授课时间段预定开始，咨询热线：177 0186 0390。点击图片，查看IND2024会后报告 疼痛药物拥有巨大的市场潜力，对于疼痛的治疗需要根据其病因选择合适的治疗方法。根据疼痛的发病机制可以将其分为四类：伤害性、炎症性、神经性和功能失调性疼痛。   伤害性疼痛是由外周伤害感受器检测到有害的组织损伤刺激后被激活而引起的，刺激的持续存在可导致骨关节炎等病理状态。伤害性疼痛的治疗包括阻断伤害感受器感受外界刺激，如TRPV1和TRPA1；阻断感受器的动作电位传输，如Nav1.7和Nav1.8；用N型钙通道阻滞剂或神经递质受体拮抗剂阻断伤害感受器向大脑和脊髓的刺激传递；用阿片类药物阻断皮层区域激活。 炎症性疼痛是一种由组织损伤引起的疼痛，它引起免疫细胞和受损细胞的伤害感受器的激活。因此，通过非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)和环氧化酶2 (COX-2)抑制剂可以减少前列腺素E2的产生，免疫反应的降低可以减轻炎症性疼痛。 神经性疼痛不是病理的症状，而是神经系统损伤引起的周围和中枢神经系统病理改变的结果，并且疼痛通常在病理治疗后仍然存在。神经性疼痛可由糖尿病、化疗、脊髓损伤、神经创伤和中风等引起。治疗策略包括通过加巴喷丁类药物减少兴奋，增加双胺摄取抑制剂的抑制，或拮抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体。 功能失调性疼痛是由除以上三种因素引起的疼痛，主要是由于机体的功能失调而引起的，如纤维肌痛、肠易激综合征和颞下颌关节紊乱等。 止痛药发现的努力是针对每种类型的疼痛量身定制的。除了关注促进有效镇痛外，疼痛药物发现工作还应关注提高治疗率和避免耐受性和强化效应。疼痛也可以分为急性和慢性。急性疼痛是由损伤或疾病引起的，与骨骼肌痉挛和交感神经系统激活有关。急性疼痛具有有用的生物学目的，一旦疾病或损伤得到治疗，疼痛就会消失。另一方面，慢性疼痛比疾病或损伤持续的时间更长，被认为是一种独立的疾病状态。慢性疼痛可能源于心理状态，没有生物学目的，没有可识别的终点，治疗需要多学科的方法。 尽管努力开发新的更安全的镇痛药，但是阿片类药物和阿司匹林等非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)仍然是治疗疼痛的主要药物，其他用于治疗疼痛的药物包括三环抗抑郁药(TCA)、抗惊厥药(加巴喷丁类)、NMDA受体拮抗剂和曲坦类药物。在过去的一个世纪里，对疼痛机制的理解增加了，导致了一些靶点的确定，包括受体，如α2-肾上腺素能，大麻素，γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)，5-羟色胺(5-HT)1B/D,NMDA，阿片，TRPV1和降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)受体等；酶，如COX-2和sepiapterin还原酶和离子通道，如电压门控钠通道。目前，阿片类药物仍然是治疗急性疼痛的主要药物，因此，应继续努力开发更安全的阿片类药物。 一、 开发更安全的阿片类止疼药 阿片样受体属于7次跨膜G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)的超家族，分为mu、kappa和delta阿片样受体(分别为MOR、KOR和DOR) 。阿片类药物是唯一被证明对治疗大多数人群疼痛有效的药物类别。然而，阿片类药物在治疗神经性疼痛方面效果较差，并且会产生诸如耐受性、成瘾性、呼吸抑制、便秘、恶心和嗜睡等不良反应。由于与阿片类药物相关的这些问题，药物的发现工作已被用于开发副作用较小的阿片类药物疗法。这些方法包括开发偏向性阿片受体激动剂，多功能阿片受体，阿片受体的变张调节剂，以及使内源性阿片肽药物化。 1.1 阿片受体变构调节剂 变构调节剂结合在受体的变构位点，可以调节正构配体与受体的亲和力以及生物学效应。变构调节剂根据其对正构位点活性的影响可以分为正变构调节剂，负变构调节剂和静默变构调节剂。正变构调节剂增强了正位位点配体的结合亲和力和/或功效，而负变构调节剂降低了正构位点配体的结合亲和力和/或功效。静默变构调节剂不对正构位点活性产生任何影响，但是它可以竞争性拮抗正负变构调节剂。 MOR的正变构调节剂可用于增强阿片激动剂如吗啡和内源性阿片的效力，并降低产生镇痛所需的剂量，因此MOR的正变构调节剂被开发用于提高疗效降低副作用。BMS-986121 ，BMS-986122和BMS-986187已报道的MOR正变构调节剂。  1.2 偏向激动剂       通常，GPCR与一个或多个异源三聚体G蛋白功能偶联，然而，现在已经证明GPCR可以介导多种信号通路，如β-抑制素信号通路。能够选择性地通过一个途径而不是另一个途径发出信号的化合物被称为“功能性选择性”或“偏倚性”激动剂。阿片样物质通过G蛋白级联和β-抑制素途径发出信号。偏向性激动剂可以优先通过G蛋白信号传导，增强镇痛，减少呼吸抑制、耐受和依赖等不良反应。MOR的偏向激动剂Oliceridine 已被批准上市，与吗啡相比，拥有更好的治疗指数。进一步增加G蛋白信号传导对β-arrestin2信号传导的偏好可能会导致新型阿片类药物治疗疼痛的发展并显著减少不良反应。 1.3 双位/二价阿片受体的配体 二价配体是含有两个药团的化合物，两个药团由大小/长度不同的连接体分开，连接体可以是刚性的或柔性的。这两种药效团可以是相同的(同二价)或不同的(异二价)。代表性分子有MDAN-21,CYM51010,NNTA和INTA等。 1.4 阿片肽类似物       阿片肽类似物主要是模拟内源性的阿片肽，其代表性结构有以下两个化合物： 二、NMDR受体拮抗剂 NMDA受体是一种配体和电压调节离子通道，位于突触后膜，几乎在所有脊椎动物突触中表达，调节Na+和Ca2+离子的通透性。NMDA受体属于嗜离子性谷氨酸受体家族(iGLuR)，在神经元发育、可塑性、和存活中起重要作用。NMDA受体的过度刺激引起高Ca2+内流，从而促进兴奋性毒性，发条现象和中枢致敏，这可能导致急性和慢性疼痛状况的发展。4因此，NMDA受体拮抗剂可用于减轻痛觉。       氯胺酮（Ketamine ）是已知的NMDA受体拮抗剂，用于治疗急性和慢性疼痛。美沙酮（Methadone），金刚烷胺（amantadine）和美金刚（memantine）也能拮抗NMDA受体，产生止痛作用。右美沙芬（Dextromethorphan）可拮抗NMDA受体并在几种慢性疼痛情况下产生镇痛作用。新型的NMDR受体拮抗剂NYX-2925 和RL-208 也被报道。 三、非甾体抗炎药       非甾体抗炎药是世界范围内使用最广泛的非处方药(OTC)和处方药。非甾体抗炎药是治疗许多炎症性疾病的首选药物，如关节炎、肌肉和关节损伤。这些药物也用于治疗一系列急性和慢性疼痛，包括轻微疼痛、月经痉挛、术后疼痛和偏头痛。非甾体抗炎药通过阻断参与前列腺素合成COX-1和COX-2的活性来产生抗疼痛作用。包括非选择性COX抑制剂，如阿司匹林，双氯芬酸，布洛芬和萘普生等。选择性COX-2抑制剂，如塞来昔布，罗非昔布和伐地昔布等。一些包含非甾体抗炎药和碳酸酐酶活性的化合物也被报道，如29和30。 四、去甲肾上腺素转运蛋白（NET）抑制剂      NET属于Na+/Cl -依赖转运蛋白家族，可以转运血清素、多巴胺、甘氨酸和GABA等。它是一种位于交感神经元上的突触前转运蛋白，参与去甲肾上腺素信号的失活，这对于防止去甲肾上腺素的不成比例的升高至关重要。因此，NET可以调节大脑中的肾上腺素能神经传递以及周围器官。NET抑制剂在多种精神疾病中发挥重要作用，包括焦虑、抑郁、精神分裂症、肥胖和慢性疼痛。    度洛西汀（Duloxetine）和米那普仑（milnacipran）是血清素（SET）转运体和NET转运体的双重抑制剂，被批准用于治疗重度抑郁症，有效缓解慢性疼痛，如纤维肌痛、骨关节炎和糖尿病性神经病变。最近，一种新的选择性NET抑制剂TAS-303和双重NET和SET抑制剂ZY-1408分别对疾病如抑郁症和压力性尿失禁有效。因此，应该继续努力筛选新型NET抑制剂治疗慢性疼痛。        除了上述四类经典的靶标外，还有一些较新的靶标处于开发状态，包括一些受体，离子通道和酶。 血管紧张素Ⅱ受体      血管紧张素II因其在肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)中的作用而闻名，RAS与脉管系统、心脏、肾脏和大脑有关。在多种细胞和组织类型中，血管紧张素Ⅱ以相似的亲和力结合GPCR亚型血管紧张素II 1型和2型受体(分别为AT1R和AT2R)。除了控制血压外，血管紧张素Ⅱ在神经性疼痛中起重要作用，AT1R拮抗剂和AT2R配体均产生镇痛作用，AT2R配体产生的不良效应比AT1R拮抗剂少。AT1R拮抗剂坎地沙坦(candesartan)和氯沙坦(losartan)减轻了神经性疼痛模型中的异位性疼痛和痛觉过敏。两项多中心、随机、双盲、2b期研究证实了AT2R拮抗剂EMA401对减轻疼痛性糖尿病神经病变患者疼痛强度的临床疗效。AT2R拮抗剂EMA 200和激动剂C21均可产生抗疼痛作用。目前正在研究血管紧张素 II受体的选择性激动剂和拮抗剂，以开发新型镇痛药。 降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)受体     CGRP是一种中枢和外周作用的神经肽，具有强大的血管扩张作用的神经递质，涉及几种疼痛途径，特别是偏头痛。Erenumab(一种单克隆抗体)，由Amgen和Novartis开发，是FDA批准治疗偏头痛的首个CGRP拮抗剂(2018年)。虽然olcegepant是第一个开发的小分子高亲和CGRP受体拮抗剂，但的Ⅰ期临床试验已停止。其他小分子CGRP受体拮抗剂，如ubrogepant和rimegepant，分别于2019年和2020年获得FDA批准用于治疗偏头痛。另一种小分子CGRP受体拮抗剂BI 44370 TA。目前正在美国和欧洲进行临床试验。 溶血磷脂酸（LPA）受体       LPA是一种小溶血磷脂，含有一个磷酸甘油头基团和一个单一的脂肪酸片段，在中枢神经系统的发育和生理中起重要的作用。LPA具有高亲和力结合并激活被称为LPA受体的GPCR。LPA受体分为六个亚型(LPA1 - 6)。LPA的产生和信号传导通过作用于神经元和免疫细胞，在诱导神经性疼痛中起重要作用。因此，针对LPA受体或产生LPA的酶，可能用于神经性疼痛的治疗。事实上，据报道，LPA1和LPA3受体介导小鼠糖尿病神经性痛觉过敏和痛觉减退的发生。已确定的LPA受体拮抗剂包括Ki-16425(非选择性)和ONO-9780307 (LPA1受体选择性)。Ki-16425能阻断LPA诱导和部分坐骨神经结扎神经性疼痛模型的异动行为。使用强效LPA1受体拮抗剂BMS-986020进行的2期临床试验表明，LPA1受体拮抗剂有效治疗特发性肺纤维化;然而，研究因肝毒性而终止。化合物如49和UCM-05194是LPA1激动剂也已被在小鼠免于神经损伤(SNI)神经性疼痛模型中，显示出显著的减轻神经性疼痛的疗效。因此，阻断LPA1受体的LPA1拮抗剂和导致受体脱敏的LPA1激动剂都可以用于神经性疼痛的新型治疗。 Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 编码Nav1.7的SCN9A 基因发生沉默突变时，病人感觉不到疼痛，但具有触觉和压力敏感性，嗅觉丧失，并且对组胺引起的瘙痒没有反应，而该基因发生功能获得性突变时，患者会发生极度疼痛障碍如阵发性极度疼痛障碍和外周性红斑性肢痛症。非选择性Nav抑制剂，包括利多卡因、美西汀、和卡马西平，对慢性疼痛有临床疗效。然而，由于部分不参与疼痛信号传导Nav亚型介导的不良效应，这些药物的临床应用受到限制。例如，抑制中枢神经系统表达的Nav1.1会导致中枢神经系统相关的不良反应;抑制心肌细胞中Nav1.5可诱导不良的心血管效应。目前为止，已报到了9个亚型，即Nav1.1~1.9。选择性Nav1.7抑制剂DS1971a在小鼠中对神经结扎引起的热和机械超敏反应具有镇痛作用，其他报道的选择性Nav1.7抑制剂有PF-05089771，PF- 05150122 ，PF-05186462 和XEN402 。但是在疼痛性糖尿病周围神经病变患者的临床试验中，PF-05089771 不能减轻疼痛，但能减轻灼烧感觉。XEN402能减轻遗传性红斑性肢痛症患者的疼痛。此外，选择性Nav1.7拮抗剂GX-201的研究显示，其体内停留时间较长，对炎症性和神经性疼痛的疗效有所改善，这表明Nav1.7抑制剂在临床研究中的失败可能是由于高血浆蛋白结合或高血浆清除率等药物特性差，导致靶点占用不足。对Nav1.7抑制剂的开发应该追求部分抑制剂，因为完全消除病人对疼痛的正常反应。 由SCN10A基因编码的Nav1.8似乎在疼痛的病理生理中发挥作用，且可能会消除中枢神经系统的不良反应，因为它位于中枢神经系统外的背根神经节。Nav1.8选择性阻断剂A-803467能够削弱大鼠的神经疼痛和炎症疼痛。因此，共同靶向参与伤害性传递的Nav通道，如Nav1.7、Nav1.8和Nav1.9，或开发高选择性Nav抑制剂仍然是开发新型镇痛药的可行途径。 神经紧张素（Neurotensin ） 神经紧张素结合三种受体:神经紧张素1、2和3 (NTSR1、NTSR2和NTSR3)。神经紧张素通过NTSR1/2s介导伤害性反应，例如，非选择性NTSR1/NTSR2激动剂ABS212， JMV2007， JMV2009和NT69L在啮齿动物急性疼痛模型中产生抗伤害性反应，该作用NTSR1/2拮抗剂SR48692逆转。NTSR1激动剂PD149163和NTSR1 PAM PP-001均在大鼠急性和慢性疼痛模型中产生镇痛作用。如前所述，NTSR1和NTSR2激动剂均可产生镇痛作用，然而，神经紧张素的不良反应如低温和低血压是通过NTSR1激活介导的。最近有报道选择性NTSR2激动剂JMV431在大鼠的甩尾、福尔马林和CFA试验中产生抗痛感而不诱导低温。CGX-1160是一种神经紧张素a类似物，在脊髓损伤后中枢性神经性疼痛患者的Ⅰ期临床试验中产生抗痛觉作用。因此，高度选择性神经紧张素受体激动剂仍然是开发具有低滥用潜力的新型镇痛药的可行途径。 P2X3和P2X7嘌呤受体拮抗剂       除了作为细胞代谢的主要能量来源外，三磷酸腺苷(ATP)还通过激活P2X3和P2X7嘌呤能受体调节神经传递。ATP是一种伤害性调节剂，它作用于外周和中枢增强过程，导致超敏反应。选择性P2X3受体拮抗剂A-317491，其选择性比其他P2受体高100倍以上，在炎性疼痛的CFA模型和神经损伤的CCI模型中产生抗疼痛感觉。另一方面，A-317491在有害刺激的急性伤害感觉模型中不产生抗伤害感觉，这表明P2X3受体仅在组织受伤或致敏时有反应。P2X7受体拮抗剂A-438079在类似于P2X3受体拮抗剂的致敏条件下产生抗伤性。除了P2X3和P2X7拮抗剂外，P2Y14受体拮抗剂66和67在CCI诱导的神经损伤小鼠模型中逆转了慢性神经性疼痛。P2X3、P2X7和P2Y14受体可能是开发新型非阿片类镇痛药的理想靶点。 电压门控钾Kv7通道 电压抑制的K+通道在控制神经元兴奋性中起重要作用，打开神经元Kv7通道的化合物对动作电位启动有抑制作用，因此它们在神经性疼痛中具有应用潜力。氟吡汀(Flupirtine)是Kv7钾通道的开启剂，用于治疗对非甾体抗炎药或阿片类药物难治的患者的疼痛。Kv7.2负性突变的小鼠对疼痛的敏感性强于野生型。Kv7.2抑制剂XE991会增强小鼠痛感，这种增加作用可被Kv7离子通道开启剂retigabine所挽救。其他Kv7.2离子通道开启剂如71、ICA-27243和SCR2682在啮齿动物急性伤害性疼痛模型中产生抗痛觉性。此外，在使用福尔马林试验的等密度分析研究中，观察到Flupirtine和吗啡之间的协同作用。 GPR18,35,55      与GPR18相关的信号传导机制尚未完全建立，该受体介导的生理功能尚未完全了解。已经提出了许多GPR18的激动剂，包括Abn-CBD，Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol，O-1918，N-arachidonoyl glycine , resolvin D1 和resolvinD2。这些化合物与大麻素相关，表明GPR18可能与CB1和CB2一起被归类为大麻素受体。。PSB-CB5是通过分子建模和计算研究发现的首个有效的GPR18拮抗剂。PSB-KK-1415被发现是一种有效的、选择性的GPR18激动剂，据报道在炎症性疼痛的动物模型中发挥抗炎和抗伤害性作用。选择性GPR18配体仍然是目前项目的重点，旨在发现安全有效的镇痛药。 GPR35参与了许多疾病，如疼痛、高血压和癌症。虽然GPR35的内源性配体尚不清楚，但色氨酸代谢物kynurenic acid、2-acyl lysophosphatidic acid和趋化因子CXCL17被认为是GPR35的内源性配体。GPR35激动剂，包括bufrolin、cromolyn、lodoxamide和zaprinast。在小鼠坐骨神经损伤实验中，化合物kynurenic acid和zaprinast降低热和触觉超敏反应，增强吗啡治疗神经性疼痛的疗效。已报道的GPR35拮抗剂包括ML-145和CID2745687。鉴定GPR35的激动剂和拮抗剂不仅有助于了解GPR35的生理学，而且有助于开发新型镇痛药。 GPR55与嘌呤受体和趋化因子受体家族有关，可能是一个非典型的大麻素受体，因为它的氨基酸与两种大麻素受体CB1和CB2序列同源性较低。GPR55的第一个假定的内源性配体是磷脂溶磷脂酰肌醇，激动剂包括Abn-CBD, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol，2-AG，N-arachidonoylethanolamine和O-1602，拮抗剂有CID16020046 和SR141716A 。GPR55刺激产生炎症性疼痛，因此暗示GPR55是疼痛的治疗靶点。 HMGB1 HMGB1是一种没有特异性配体的炎症生物标志物，其在抗疼痛感受中的作用仍有待阐明。然而，现有证据表明，HMGB1的抑制导致异位性疼痛的减少。HMGB1抑制剂glycyrrhizin在小鼠炎症性疼痛模型中产生减轻机械异常性痛和热痛觉过敏。另一种HMGB1释放抑制剂丙酮酸乙酯，减轻了小鼠急性胰腺炎伴随的胰腺痛感过敏。目前已经开发的针对HMBG1的化合物有限，因此，药物化学应继续努力追求高选择性HMBG1抑制剂，因为这些化合物可能导致新型镇痛药的开发。 神经营养生长因子(NGF)和原溶酶受体激酶A（TrkA） NGF通过诱导痛觉过敏在疼痛信号的传递中起作用，以高亲和力与TrkA的细胞外结构域结合，并以低亲和力与75 kDa的神经营养因子受体p75结合，导致一系列事件，这些事件负责NGF的生理效应，包括其促疼痛特性。人源化抗NGF抗体RN624的 3期临床试验目前正在进行中，用于治疗骨关节炎、慢性腰痛和癌症疼痛。NGF-TrkA途径的小分子药物发现工作主要集中在开发结合NGF、拮抗TrkA受体或抑制TrkA激酶活性的化合物。化合物ALE-0540、PD90780和Ro 08-2750与NGF结合，阻止NGF与TrkA和p75的结合。第一批开发的TrkA激酶抑制剂主要是泛Trk抑制剂，具有显著的脱靶激酶活性和不良反应。pan-Trk抑制剂的例子包括103和PF-06273340(104)。这些化合物在CFA诱导的疼痛模型中显示出剂量依赖性的抗痛觉性，其疗效高于非甾体抗炎药。三个Trk亚型的x射线晶体结构从2012年开始被解决，这导致使用基于结构的药物设计开发对TrkA选择性优于TrkB和C.的化合物。Array BioPharma使用诱导拟合方法和基于结构的药物发现开发了选择性TrkA抑制剂AR786。默克公司还报道了一种选择性TrkA激酶抑制剂106，其选择性分别比TrkB和TrkC高230倍和190倍。其他尚未披露结构的TrkA选择性抑制剂包括CT340、GZ389988、vm902a和Ono-4474。抗NGF疗法在临床试验中的成功，刺激了靶向NGF-TrkA通路的发展。虽然NGF/TrkA通路产生抗痛觉的机制尚未完全阐明，但已经提出TRPV1通道、AT2R和鞘氨醇-1-磷酸(S1P)受体可能参与其中因此，靶向NGF/TrkA通路和上述受体仍然是开发新型镇痛药的可行途径。 Sepiapterin还原酶（SPR）抑制剂 SPR是参与合成(6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)的末端酶，BH4是芳香族氨基酸羟化酶、烷基甘油单加氧酶和一氧化氮合酶等酶的重要辅因子。在啮齿动物模型中，BH4水平升高与更大的疼痛和过敏有关。因此，抑制SPR可能是开发新型镇痛药的可行途径。SPR的x射线晶体结构揭示了其抑制剂Nacetylserotonin（NAS）的结合袋，这有助于SPR抑制剂的药物设计。SPRi3在神经性疼痛SNI模型小鼠中产生剂量依赖性抗触觉异动效应，并在神经性疼痛慢性CCI模型小鼠中降低机械异动。化合物108显著减轻了由板内CFA引起的热痛感过敏，并降低了炎症足部的BH4水平。其他SPR抑制剂包括109、110、QM385和被批准用于支气管哮喘的曲尼拉斯特。磺胺吡啶(Sulfasalazine)，一种FDA批准的抗炎药物，被发现通过其代谢物磺胺吡啶(113)抑制SPR活性。通过抑制SPR活性降低BH4水平是缓解神经性和炎症性疼痛超敏反应的可行方法。有趣的是，完全抑制SPR不会导致BH的过度减少，因为BH4可以通过替代途径产生。缺乏BH4会导致严重的认知迟缓、肌张力障碍、震颤和高苯丙氨酸血症。因此，靶向SPR可能导致较少的不良反应，因为没有完全阻断BH4的合成。 可溶性环氧化物水解酶(sEH)抑制剂 sEH是一种主要存在于肝脏和其他组织(如肾、肠、脑和脉管系统)中的酶，其作用是代谢或水解环氧脂肪酸(EpFAs)。EpFA是由花生四烯酸通过COX、脂氧合酶(LOX)和细胞色素P450 (CYP450)酶生成的类二十烷类前列腺素和白三烯。CYP450酶作用于长链多不饱和脂肪酸，如二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸，通过双键的环氧化作用形成EpFA。EpFA包括环氧二十碳三烯酸、环氧二十碳四烯酸、和环氧二十碳五烯酸。与COX和LOX代谢物主要是促炎不同，EpFAs主要是抗炎和促溶解。 sEH将EpFA水解为二醇，而二醇缺乏环氧化前体的活性，二醇具有高极性，易于偶联，并且快速排出。因此，sEH抑制剂阻止EpFAs的降解，从而延长其抗炎作用。其他EpFA降解途径如β-氧化，链延伸和CYP450氧化已被报道。因此，抑制sEH不会导致EpFA的积累，这将导致脱靶效应的减少。早期的sEH抑制剂(AUDA, 和AEPU)被设计为模拟sEH的天然底物，这些化合物被设计为模拟开放环氧环的假设过渡态。这些化合物具有高度亲脂性，熔点高，生物利用度差，并迅速代谢成无活性的化合物。这些先导化合物导致了新一代化合物的发展，如GSK2256294， TPPU和t-TUCB，它们更稳定，具有类似药物的性质，具有高效力，并且改善了药代动力学谱。基于TPPU结构的一系列新化合物被设计，用来寻找更多的低熔点和高水溶性化合物。其中，EC5026的效价、水溶性、熔点和半衰期得到了改善，目前正在进行治疗神经性疼痛的临床试验。 克服阿片类药物不良反应同时保持其镇痛活性的一种策略，是将低剂量高效阿片类药物与通过非阿片类受体类型发挥镇痛作用的化合物结合。这种联合疗法假定所产生的镇痛将是相加的或协同的，而副作用是降低的。理想情况下，非阿片类药物的副作用与阿片类药物不同，因此这种组合不会增加单个化合物产生的任何给定的副作用。一种非阿片类药物与阿片类药物产生协同镇痛，同时伴有较小程度的不良反应，有时被称为“阿片类药物节约”效应。这样的组合将比单独使用化合物获得更大的治疗指数。以下是一些靶点/化合物与阿片类药物联合产生协同作用：α2-肾上腺素能受体激动剂，AMPA受体，CB2受体激动剂，GABAB，加巴戊二烯类，糖皮质激素，咪唑啉I2, MAGL/FAAH抑制剂，NMDA受体拮抗剂，非甾体抗炎药，孤儿受体GPR119，P2X3和P2X7嘌呤受体拮抗剂，过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体(ppar)，代谢性谷氨酸受体(mGluR)，血清素/去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂，sigma受体，S1P受体1和TRPV1。 α 2肾上腺素能受体激动剂 α2肾上腺素能受体激动剂具有良好的镇痛作用，并广泛应用于围手术期，特别是作为麻醉药和镇痛药的辅助药物。α2肾上腺素能受体有三种类型，分别是在中枢神经系统中发现的α2A和α2C，它们负责镇静、镇痛、和交感神经溶解作用，而在血管平滑肌中发现的α2B负责血管加压作用。MOR和α2肾上腺素能受体激动剂之间的协同作用是由斯波尔丁首次报道的，他观察到吗啡和可卡因定皮下注射可以相互增强。右美托咪定像其他α2肾上腺素能受体激动剂一样，减少麻醉和阿片需求，产生镇静和镇痛，并减少阿片诱导的痛感过敏。开发更具选择性的α2A或α2C肾上腺素能受体激动剂，与阿片类药物产生强大的镇痛协同作用，可进一步提高治疗指标。 大麻素CB2受体激动剂和MAGL/FAAH抑制剂 2-AG和anandamide是内源性亲脂性配体，可激活大麻素CB1和CB2受体。CB1激动剂的临床使用受到限制，因为CB1介导的不良反应(精神活性、戒断、和运动障碍)，而CB2激动剂缺乏这些与大麻素相关的不良反应。CB2激动剂LY2828360与吗啡共给药，在抑制紫杉醇诱导的机械异痛感和阻断吗啡诱导的野生型小鼠奖励中产生协同抗异痛感作用，而不产生奖励或厌恶。2-AG和anandamide分别由脂肪酸酰胺水解酶(FAAH)和单酰基甘油脂肪酶(MAGL)代谢。因此，抑制这些酶可能会增强大麻素活性。URB937是一种不透脑的FAAH抑制剂，通过激活CB1减少紫杉醇诱导的异位性疼痛，并与吗啡产生协同镇痛作用，但不增强吗啡的不良反应。BIA-10−2474是一种可透脑的FAAH抑制剂，在一项I期临床试验中，出乎意料地在5名健康志愿者中产生了严重的神经系统不良反应，导致1名受试者死亡。因此需要开发不透脑的FAAH 和MAGL抑制剂。GABA受体激动剂 GABA是中枢神经系统中一种抑制性神经递质，参与许多生理过程的调节。巴氯芬(Baclofen)是一种选择性GABAB受体激动剂，临床上用于治疗偏头痛、肌肉骨骼疼痛和三叉神经痛。巴氯芬与吗啡共给药产生协同抗疼痛作用，并拮抗吗啡的奖励效应。GABAB受体的阳性变构调节剂ASP8062 可产生镇痛作用，但不良反应少于巴氯芬。因此，应进一步研究GABAB阳性变构调节剂与阿片类药物的联合使用。此外，α1 GABAA受体已被证明与苯二氮卓类药物相关的不良反应有关，而α2、α3和α5 GABAA亚型介导脊髓镇痛。PF-06372865是一种不含α1 GABAA活性的GABAA受体激动剂，可逆转啮齿动物神经性、炎症性和术后疼痛模型的病理性痛觉过敏，目前正在进行临床Ⅱ期试验。 Gabapentinoids Gabapentinoids是电压依赖性钙(Ca2+)通道辅助α2δ (α2δ−1和α2δ−2)亚基的配体，并作为该通道的阻滞剂。尽管加巴喷丁类药物在临床上用于治疗癫痫、神经性疼痛和一些超说明书用途，但关于加巴喷丁类药物急性抗痛觉的研究相对较少。关于加巴喷丁类药物与MOR的相互作用，加巴喷丁的急性抗痛觉性作用似乎是通过阿片受体介导的，因为在小鼠中使用弹尾、夹尾和热板试验，加巴喷丁的抗痛觉性作用被纳洛酮拮抗。此外，通过甩尾实验，加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林增强了吗啡和羟考酮在大鼠中的抗伤害感受作用。在一项随机对照临床试验中证实了普瑞巴林在小鼠中可减少了阿片类药物的消耗。非竞争性NMDA受体拮抗剂 阿片类药物治疗后NMDA受体的激活，可能会降低阿片类药物的镇痛作用，而NMDA拮抗剂治疗可能会增强阿片类药物诱导的抗镇痛作用。也有研究表明，阿片类药物与NMDA受体拮抗剂的联合使用增加了在神经性疼痛状态下对阿片类药物的敏感性。高选择性NMDA拮抗剂(+)-MK-801当与吗啡共给药时，可减少神经性疼痛，可减少耐受性的发展，并逆转阿片类药物耐受性。然而，使用NMDA拮抗剂与阿片类药物的治疗指标非常狭窄，不良效应如严重的拟精神效应是常见的。EU1622-1，偏向的NMDA 正变构调节剂，降低Ca2+的通透性，同时增加激动剂的效力。Sigma-1 受体拮抗剂    sigma-1受体是一种配体调节的伴侣蛋白，它调节与其相互作用的蛋白质(受体、酶)的信号传导。Sigma-1受体拮抗剂单独产生抗痛觉作用，特别是在致敏条件下，如炎症、缺血性和由神经创伤或化学损伤引的神经性疼痛。然而，与阿片类药物不同，sigma-1受体拮抗剂在没有致敏刺激的情况下不会产生抗痛觉，而只在超敏条件下产生，并将伤害性阈值恢复到正常。S1RA，一种选择性sigma-1受体拮抗剂在尾弹试验中没有作用，但增强了抗疼痛感受作用，但没有增强丁丙诺啡、可待因、芬太尼、吗啡、羟考酮和曲马多的不良反应。与S1RA联合给药阻止了吗啡耐受性和奖励效应的发展。CM304是一种sigma-1受体拮抗剂，对sigma-1受体的选择性高于sigma-2受体，比S1RA剂量依赖性地减少了CCI和顺铂神经性疼痛模型中的异位性疼痛。因此，选择性sigma-1受体拮抗剂联合阿片类药物有可能作为神经性疼痛、炎性疼痛和术后疼痛的联合疗法。 5-羟色胺(5-HT) 去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SNRI)和5-HT1A激动剂 神经递质去甲肾上腺素和5-羟色胺在抑制脊髓伤害性刺激中起重要作用。milnacipran是一种SNRI，剂量依赖性地减少了大鼠术后疼痛模型中的超敏反应，并与吗啡具有协同相互作用。此外，阈下浓度的DAMGO(阿片激动剂)和5-HT显著降低GABA能微型抑制性突触后电流频率，提示联合治疗的镇痛效果.最近，compound 133，一种强效和选择性5-HT1A激动剂，在福尔马林和热平板试验中产生镇痛作用。因此，应该进一步研究MOR和选择性5-HT1A激动剂的联合治疗，因为这些联合治疗可能会降低MOR激动剂产生的奖励效应，耐受性和呼吸抑制。 靶向参与阿片信号传导的细胞内蛋白 G蛋白信号(RGS)调控因子蛋白与G蛋白的活化G-α亚基结合，增强其GTPase活性，加速其返回至无活性G-α- GDP状态，导致信号终止。有超过30种RGS蛋白，包括RGS9-2和RGS4，已被证明以激动剂依赖的方式调节阿片样物质的作用。此外，下调RGS蛋白RGSz1导致镇痛效果增强，并降低阿片类药物的奖励作用。噻二唑烷酮(TDZDs)通过共价修饰RGS蛋白中半胱氨酸残基来抑制RGS- g -α相互作用，其中CCG-203769和CCG-50014是对RGS4最有效的抑制剂。RGS同工异构体的瞬时半胱氨酸暴露机制不同，这可能对下一代RGS抑制剂的合理设计有潜在的帮助。因此，开发RGS蛋白的小分子抑制剂可能是发现减少阿片类药物不良作用的新疗法的可行途径。热休克蛋白90(Hsp90)是多种蛋白质的激活和稳定所必需的伴侣蛋白，抑制热休克蛋白90已被证明可以减少阿片类药物依赖和戒断的躯体体征。应进一步研究Hsp90调节剂用于阿片类药物协同治疗，以减少阿片类药物的不良反应。此外，信号激酶如ERK1/2、JNK MAPKs和p38 MAPK的激活可能在阿片类药物诱导的耐受、依赖、痛觉过敏/异常性疼痛和便秘以及KOR相关的厌恶和烦躁不安的不良反应中发挥作用。MOR或KOR激动剂与RK、JNK或p38抑制剂联合治疗可提高阿片类药物的治疗指数。然而，由于这些信号激酶广泛表达并参与许多生物过程，它们的抑制可能会增加非阿片类药物不良反应的风险。专注于阿片样物质细胞内信号蛋白调节剂的药物发现工作应该考虑筛选化合物的毒性。 双作用或多功能阿片配体 利用联合治疗的一种有效方法是设计对MOR和其他非阿片类疼痛靶点具有双重或多功能活性的化合物。Tapentadol是美国FDA批准的第一种同时具有MOR激动剂和SNRI活性的中枢作用镇痛药,由于具有双重作用模式，它被用于治疗中度至重度急性和慢性非癌性疼痛和神经性疼痛。Cebranopadol和compound 138是痛感肽/孤儿蛋白FQ肽(NOP)和MOR受体激动剂，在啮齿动物急性和神经性疼痛模型中显示出治疗急性和慢性疼痛的疗效。另一种化合物EST73502是一种MOR激动剂和sigma-1受体拮抗剂，在急性和慢性疼痛动物模型中具有与羟可酮同等的镇痛活性。与羟考酮相比，化合物139产生更少的阿片类戒断症状和肠道转运抑制化合物140，一种TRPV1拮抗剂和MOR激动剂双配体在小鼠福尔马林实验中产生抗伤害感受作用。Mitragynine，已被证明与阿片肾上腺素能和血清素能受体结合,通过甩尾试验在小鼠中产生抗疼痛感觉。因此，除了已知介导疼痛信号的受体靶点外，靶向MOR的双重或多功能配体仍然是开发新型镇痛药的可行途径。 阿片类药物是用于治疗疼痛的主要药物类别，过度使用阿片类药物治疗疼痛已导致阿片类药物过量危机。因此，需要新的镇痛药或治疗策略来遏制持续的阿片类药物流行。疼痛药物发现的一个主要挑战是缺乏适当的人类疾病的临床前替代模型。例如，像甩尾试验这样的急性抗触感试验测量的是啮齿类动物的反射行为，而不一定是抗疼痛感。此外，神经性疼痛模型的损伤后时间(约14天)不能恰当地反映人类的神经性疼痛。如果没有合适的疼痛模型，药物研发工作将受到阻碍，因为大多数候选药物通常在临床前阶段表现出良好的镇痛效果，副作用较少，但在临床试验中产生的效果与安慰剂相似。因此，非常需要适当的临床前疼痛模型。 目前正在进行临床疼痛试验的非阿片类候选药物包括：χ-conopeptide，一种选择性变抗NET抑制剂;CGX-1160，一种神经紧张素a类似物;BI44370 TA, CGRP受体拮抗剂;EC5026，一种sEH抑制剂。许多化合物和联合疗法仍处于临床前阶段。以非阿片类药物为目标将有助于克服与阿片类药物相关的滥用倾向、耐受性和呼吸抑制。与MOR激动剂相比，作用于非阿片类靶点的化合物的主要挑战是获得的镇痛效果较差。因此，针对导致特定疼痛的多种机制类型可能有助于提高镇痛效果。 综上所述，镇痛药物开发的重点是开发具有低滥用潜力的化合物。为了克服这一挑战，必须努力开发更安全的阿片类药物，减少滥用风险，或采用联合疗法等治疗策略，允许使用较低剂量阿片类药物，从而减少阿片类药物的相关不良反应。最后，努力已经并将继续关注开发具有与阿片类药物相似或更有效的非阿片类药物作用机制的新型镇痛药，这将在急性和慢性疼痛的治疗中是无价的。参考文献：Novel Approaches, Drug Candidates, and Targets in Pain Drug Discovery END 免责声明：本文仅作知识交流与分享及科普目的，不涉及商业宣传，不作为相关医疗指导或用药建议。文章如有侵权请联系删除。 OTC2024类器官前沿应用与3D细胞培养论坛圆满落幕，点击图片可查看会后报告，咨询OTC2025类器官论坛请联系：王晨 180 1628 8769