Lifitegrast

Ocular lubricants are the mainstay of dry eye management and are available in a variety of formulations and bottle designs. The squeezability of ocular lubricant bottles may influence administration and compliance.

A key component for managing dry eye disease is the use of ocular lubricants. The different bottle types, each with their unique material strength and dispensing mechanism, may be challenging for patients with limited hand and pinch strength. The aim of this study was to evaluate the force required to expulse a drop from different eye drop containers used in the management of dry eye disease.

The force, in newtons (N), required to expulse a drop from different eye drops was evaluated five times using a force gauge, and divided by bottle type, i.e. tubes, unidose, multidose with preservatives, and multidose preservative free (MDPF) bottles.

Sixty (n = 60) bottles were examined with 57 eye lubricants and 3 dry eye medications (cyclosporine (0.5% and 0.9%), and lifitegrast). The average force varied depending on the bottle type (tubes 4.28 ± 1.29 N; unidose 14.24 ± 4.83 N; multidose 16.62 ± 5.21 N; MDPF 26.68 ± 8.32 N, p < 0.001). Post-hoc test revealed that MDPF bottles required more force than all other bottle types (p < 0.001), and among those, the ophthalmic squeeze dispenser bottle required significantly more force (p < 0.001). Lifitegrast required more force (17.38 ± 2.13 N) than cyclosporine 0.5% (9.16 ± 0.80 N, p < 0.024) and cyclosporine 0.9% (5.68 ± 0.40 N, p < 0.001), but was not significantly different from unidose ocular lubricants (p > 0.05).

The squeezability of bottles used in dry eye disease management varies with bottle type. Hand and pinch strength should be considered when choosing products for dry eye disease management, as the squeezability of an ophthalmic drop can influence its administration and compliance.

Endometriosis affects over 190 million women globally, and effective therapies are urgently needed to address the burden of endometriosis on women's health. Using an artificial intelligence (AI)‐driven target discovery platform, two unreported therapeutic targets, guanylate‐binding protein 2 (GBP2) and hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) are identified, along with a drug repurposing target, integrin beta 2 (ITGB2) for the treatment of endometriosis. GBP2, HCK, and ITGB2 are upregulated in human endometriotic specimens. siRNA‐mediated knockdown of GBP2 and HCK significantly reduced cell viability and proliferation while stimulating apoptosis in endometrial stromal cells. In subcutaneous and intraperitoneal endometriosis mouse models, siRNAs targeting GBP2 and HCK notably reduced lesion volume and weight, with decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis within lesions. Both subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration of Lifitegrast, an approved ITGB2 antagonist, effectively suppresses lesion growth. Collectively, these data present Lifitegrast as a previously unappreciated intervention for endometriosis treatment and identify GBP2 and HCK as novel druggable targets in endometriosis treatment. This study underscores AI's potential to accelerate the discovery of novel drug targets and facilitate the repurposing of treatment modalities for endometriosis.