Venlafaxine besylate

Vistagen plans to use the LSAS as the primary efficacy endpoint for a Phase 3 clinical study designed to evaluate fasedienol as a treatment for the overall control of symptoms of social anxiety disorder (SAD) FDA provides helpful guidance on key aspects of potential NDA-enabling development plan in SAD SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Vistagen (Nasdaq: VTGN), a late clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company aiming to transform the treatment landscape for individuals living with anxiety, depression and other central nervous system (CNS) disorders, today announced positive feedback from its recent engagement with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding the use of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) as the primary endpoint for future clinical studies designed to evaluate the efficacy of a treatment for the overall control of symptoms of social anxiety disorder (SAD). With FDA feedback confirming the acceptable use of the LSAS as a primary efficacy endpoint, Vistagen is positioned to finalize key components of its potential New Drug Application (NDA)-enabling development program for fasedienol for treatment of SAD. Dr. Michael R. Liebowitz, a Columbia University psychiatrist, former director and founder of the Anxiety Disorders Clinic at the New York State Psychiatric Institute and current Managing Director of The Medical Research Network LLC in New York City, is the innovator of the LSAS and is the Principal Investigator in Vistagen’s new FEARLESS program, the Company’s Phase 3 development program for fasedienol for treatment of SAD. “With positive feedback from the FDA, we’re focused on advancing a clinical study design with the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale as the primary endpoint to study the real-world effects of fasedienol over time,” said Shawn Singh, Chief Executive Officer of Vistagen. “This is an important step forward, especially as SAD is becoming even more prevalent in a post-COVID world. With today’s announcement, we believe Vistagen has a clear path for the continued development of fasedienol and we are more committed than ever in our mission to create safe medicines that can improve mental health.” The LSAS Dr. Liebowitz innovated the LSAS in the mid-1980s. Three medications, two SSRIs (paroxetine and sertraline) and one SNRI (venlafaxine extended release), are currently marketed in the U.S. for the treatment of SAD on the basis of registrational trials and subsequent FDA approvals in which the LSAS was the primary efficacy endpoint. Dr. Liebowitz was among the clinical investigators involved in the registrational efficacy trials for all of these drugs, and all of such registrational trials were positive. The LSAS consists of 24 situations that commonly induce fear, anxiety and avoidance in SAD patients. The clinical rater asks SAD patients how fearful or anxious they felt in the past week during each of the 24 situations they experienced, or to imagine how anxious they would have been in any situation(s) not actually encountered. After rating fear and anxiety in each situation, the rater then asks how often the patient actually avoided, or would have avoided, each of the situations. This built-in internal verification between a patient's subjective feeling and actual behavior makes the LSAS unique when compared to other scales. Vistagen, in collaboration with Dr. Liebowitz, has developed a robust rater training and certification program for all clinicians assigned by the investigator to administer the LSAS in a Vistagen SAD study. Fasedienol and the LSAS The safety pro potential for fasedienol to achieve overall reduction in symptoms of SAD and improvement in severity of the disorder, as measured by the LSAS, have been demonstrated in a placebo-controlled Phase 2 study after two weeks of use, as well as in a large open-label study over a period of one month and beyond. The Company believes these LSAS data suggest that studies involving multiple administrations of fasedienol over time, on an as-needed basis when subjects experience real-life, socially stressful situations, most accurately demonstrate the safety and efficacy potential of fasedienol in patients with SAD and the way fasedienol would be used by SAD patients, if approved. Each SAD patient is unique, and Vistagen believes an optimal SAD treatment is one that is individualized and tailored-to-fit by patients, as-needed, to help them engage in the anxiety-provoking situations they encounter in their daily lives with less fear and anxiety. Additional Fasedienol Program Updates FEARLESS-1 and PALISADE-2 Positive LSAS data from a placebo-controlled Phase 2 study and exploratory data from a large Phase 3 open label study corroborate that the LSAS is the psychometric scale best suited for assessing the efficacy of fasedienol in future studies. Both studies evaluated multiple administrations of fasedienol by SAD patients in a real-world environment over time and showed clinically meaningful improvements using the LSAS scale. The clinical data, together with fasedienol’s unique mechanism of action and pharmacological properties, support using the LSAS as the primary endpoint in the next potential Phase 3 study of fasedienol in SAD – FEARLESS-1. The Company also plans to include a second LSAS-based Phase 3 study and an open-label long term safety study in its potential NDA-enabling FEARLESS Phase 3 program for fasedienol in SAD. In addition to the positive FDA feedback regarding the use of the LSAS as the primary endpoint, the FDA also provided guidance on further characterizing the optimal fasedienol dosing strategy. The Company plans to have further protocol discussions with the FDA regarding additional dosing study(s), which the Company plans to conduct in parallel with FEARLESS-1 and potentially prior to commencement of the second LSAS-based Phase 3 study, to provide further foundational information about dosing frequency for purposes of labeling should fasedienol be approved. Although the results of the interim analysis of PALISADE-2 indicated that continuation of the study would not be futile, Vistagen has determined the best course of action is to close the PALISADE-2 study given the expense, time, and methodological complexities involved in resuming PALISADE-2, including consistently administering the protocol for the single-dose, clinic-based public speaking challenge study across numerous sites. Considering the recent feedback from the FDA regarding use of the LSAS in future clinical studies, Vistagen will focus resources primarily on the planning and preparation for FEARLESS-1, a LSAS-based Phase 3 study of fasedienol for treatment of SAD. Topline results from the 140 subjects who completed PALISADE-2 are expected in the second half of 2023. Exploratory Phase 2A Study in Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety Adjustment disorder with anxiety (AjDA) is clinically understudied, difficult to diagnose, presents with highly variable symptoms across patients and has uncertain boundaries in patients with pre-existing psychiatric disorders. Vistagen’s small exploratory study in AjDA is believed to be the first ever randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2A study in the U.S. aimed at exploring the pharmacological treatment of AjDA, and the first clinical trial that evaluated the effects of a fixed dosing regimen of fasedienol, involving intranasal administration of 3.2 µg of fasedienol four times per day over four weeks. A total of 71 subjects were screened for the study, 41 were randomized, 7 discontinued, and 34 completed four weeks of treatment. The study, which was not designed to achieve statistical significance, did not demonstrate a clinically significant difference between fasedienol and placebo as measured on the clinician-rated Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A). Site variances and high drug and placebo response rates were observed, likely related to the various aspects of AjDA that make it challenging to study. The study of AjDA is complicated because the disorder is by definition temporary and self-resolving, making it difficult to identify the cause of clinical improvement or whether placebo played a role in any improvement observed. AjDA is a temporary stress reaction. The stress reaction typically starts within three months of an identifiable stressful situation, but because the disorder is directly linked to a stressor, once it ends, the anxiety reaction may also end, with or without treatment. Fixed dosing of fasedienol four times per day over four weeks was safe and well tolerated, with no appreciable differences in treatment-emergent adverse effects (TEAEs) between fasedienol and placebo. All reported TEAEs were of mild or moderate severity, with no severe or serious TEAEs reported during the study. Headache was the most commonly reported TEAE, reported by 3 subjects (15.8%) on fasedienol and 2 subjects (9.1%) on placebo. Despite the methodological challenges inherent in the exploratory Phase 2A study in AjDA, the Company believes fasedienol builds resilience against anxiety and reduces the cognitive and physical paralysis that occurs during moments of heightened anxiety and stressful situations. Results of the AjDA study may provide support for an as-needed (PRN) fasedienol dosing approach over time as the preferred mode of treatment. Vistagen believes fasedienol modulates autonomic activity and that taking fasedienol on demand, as-needed immediately before or during anxiety-provoking situations, instead of on a fixed schedule (as in the AjDA study), may be the best way to demonstrate the anti-anxiety, or anxiolytic, effects of fasedienol and if approved, the best way for patients to use the drug in the real world for the treatment of SAD. About Fasedienol (PH94B) Vistagen’s fasedienol (PH94B) is a first-in-class, rapid-onset investigational pherine nasal spray with a novel proposed mechanism of action (MOA) that regulates the olfactory-amygdala neural circuits of fear and anxiety and attenuates the tone of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system, without systemic distribution, potentiation of GABA-A or direct activity on CNS neurons in the brain. Vistagen is developing fasedienol in a Phase 3 program for the treatment of social anxiety disorder. Designed for intranasal administration in low microgram doses, the proposed novel MOA of fasedienol is fundamentally differentiated from all currently approved anti-anxiety medications, including all antidepressants and benzodiazepines. About Social Anxiety Disorder Social anxiety disorder (SAD) affects an estimated 25 million Americans. A person with SAD feels intense, persistent symptoms of anxiety or fear in certain social situations, such as meeting new people, making comments in a business meeting, dating, being on a job interview, answering a question in class, or talking to a cashier in a store. Doing common, everyday things in front of people causes profound anxiety or fear of being embarrassed, evaluated, humiliated, judged, or rejected. SAD can get in the way of going to work, attending school, or doing a wide variety of things in a situation that is likely to involve interpersonal interaction. It can lead to avoidance and opportunity costs that can significantly impact a person's employment and social activities and be very disruptive to their overall quality of life. SAD is commonly treated long-term with certain FDA-approved antidepressants, which have a slow onset of effect (several weeks) and provide limited therapeutic benefits, and benzodiazepines, which are not FDA-approved for the treatment of SAD. Both antidepressants and benzodiazepines have known side effects and significant safety concerns that may make them unattractive to individuals affected by SAD. About Vistagen Vistagen (Nasdaq: VTGN) is a late clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company aiming to transform the treatment landscape for individuals living with anxiety, depression and other CNS disorders. The Company is advancing therapeutics with the potential to be faster-acting, and with fewer side effects and safety concerns, than those that are currently available for treatment of anxiety and depression. Vistagen’s product candidates belong to a new class of drugs known as pherines, which are designed with a novel rapid-onset mechanism of action that activates chemosensory neurons in the nasal passages and can beneficially impact key neural circuits in the brain without systemic uptake or direct activity on CNS neurons in the brain. Vistagen is passionate about transforming mental health care and redefining what is possible in the treatment of anxiety and depression. Connect at . Forward Looking Statements This press release contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks that are difficult to predict and include all matters that are not historical facts. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the use of words such as “may,” “could,” “expect,” “project,” “outlook,” “strategy,” “intend,” “plan,” “seek,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “strive,” “goal,” “continue,” “likely,” “will,” “would” and variations of these terms and similar expressions, or the negative of these terms or similar expressions. Such forward-looking statements are necessarily based upon estimates and assumptions that, while considered reasonable by Vistagen and its management, are inherently uncertain. As with all pharmaceutical products, there are substantial risks and uncertainties in the process of development and commercialization and actual results or development may differ materially from those projected or implied in these forward-looking statements. Among other things, there can be no guarantee that any of the Company’s drug candidates will successfully complete ongoing or future clinical trials, receive regulatory approval or be commercially successful. Other factors that may cause such a difference include, without limitation, risks and uncertainties relating to the Company’s ability to secure adequate financing for its operations, including financing or collaborative support for continued clinical development of fasedienol (PH94B) in SAD; whether the Company’s future interactions with the FDA will have productive outcomes; the completion and results of the Company’s ongoing clinical studies of certain of the Company’s other product candidates, itruvone (PH10) and AV-101; incorporation of PH15, PH80 and PH284 into the Company’s preclinical and clinical development plans and other risks and uncertainties related to delays in launching, conducting and/or completing ongoing and planned clinical trials; the scope and enforceability of the Company’s patents; fluctuating costs of materials and other resources and services required to conduct the Company’s ongoing and/or planned clinical and non-clinical trials; market conditions; the impact of general economic, industry or political conditions in the United States or internationally; and other technical and unexpected hurdles in the development, manufacture and commercialization of the Company’s CNS drug candidates. These risks are more fully discussed in the section entitled "Risk Factors" in the Company’s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, and in the Company’s most recent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended December 31, 2022, as well as discussions of potential risks, uncertainties, and other important factors in our other filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The Company’s SEC filings are available on the SEC’s website at . You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which apply only as of the date of this press release and should not be relied upon as representing the Company’s views as of any subsequent date. The Company explicitly disclaims any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, other than as may be required by law. If the Company does update one or more forward-looking statements, no inference should be made that the Company will make additional updates with respect to those or other forward-looking statements.

FRIDAY, March 24, 2023 -- Endless worry, irritability and insomnia are all symptoms of a possible anxiety disorder . Luckily, there are numerous anxiety medications that can help ease the condition. Joy Alonzo , a specialist in the pharmacotherapy of mental disorders at Texas A&M's College of Pharmacy, said recently, “If you understand the different types of medication, then you can become a better advocate for your anxiety treatment. Anxiety is one of the most under-treated mental illnesses, and we need to talk more about it.” So, what medications can bring relief from crippling anxiety? According to the Anxiety & Depression Association of America (ADAA), the most common classes of drugs for the treatment of anxiety include: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Benzodiazepines Tricyclic antidepressants Here is a rundown on medications for anxiety. Selective serotonin reuptake i nhibitors (SSRIs) SSRIs work by preventing the body from reabsorbing serotonin, which leaves more available for use. The ADAA describes serotonin as a neurotransmitter that plays a role in feelings of well-being and happiness. SSRIs are considered the first-line treatment for all types of anxiety disorders. A higher dose may be required when treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Common side effects : Insomnia Sleepiness Sexual dysfunction Weight gain Dry mouth Common SSRIs: Citalopram ( Celexa ) Escitalopram ( Lexapro ) Fluoxetine ( Prozac , Sarafem ) Paroxetine ( Paxil , Paxil CR , Pexeva , Brisdelle ) Sertraline ( Zoloft ) What else you should know about SSRIs: SSRIs may make it easier to engage in psychotherapy and other wellness activities They may help improve other symptoms of anxiety, including headaches and sleep disturbances Initial side effects typically disappear after four to eight weeks SSRIs are safe for long-term use Check with your provider before stopping their use or changing your dose Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) This class of medication is also a first-line treatment for anxiety disorders, except for OCD. It works by inhibiting the brain cells' reabsorption of both serotonin and norepinephrine. Serotonin is the neurotransmitter that helps with a sense of well-being. According to Anxiety.org , norepinephrine is considered important for its role in the body’s stress response. Common side effects: Anxiety.org states that SNRIs may have more side effects because they affect serotonin and norepinephrine. These side effects may include: Dry mouth Nausea Nervousness Insomnia Drowsiness Dizziness Headache Sexual dysfunction Loss of appetite Agitation Common SNRIs: Venlafaxine (Effexor) Desvenlafaxine ( Pristiq ) Duloxetine ( Cymbalta ) What else you should know about SNRIs Anxiety.org reports that these medications promote neuroplasticity in the brain. This may make your brain more flexible. There is evidence that these medications work best in combination with psychotherapy. But there is one important caveat. “SSRIs and SNRIs are not an instant fix for symptoms associated with an anxiety disorder, nor do they even provide immediate relief,” Alonzo said. “They work by interacting with the neurotransmitters and receptors in your brain, which can help regulate mood, sleep and energy levels. It is important for patients to understand that these medications may take four to six weeks for full effect.” Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines are considered a second-line therapy for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. According to the ADAA, they work by strengthening the GABA neurotransmitter. This neurotransmitter plays a primary role in feeling calm, muscle relaxation, reduction in brain activity and sleep. Most common side effects: Drowsiness Confusion Dizziness Depression Impaired coordination Vision problems Common benzodiazepines: Alprazolam ( Xanax ) Lorazepam ( Ativan ) Diazepam ( Valium ) What else you should know about benzodiazepines for the treatment of anxiety: They act quickly, but do not stay in the system for long They are not safe for continuous use, and can be addictive May be initiated with a first-line treatment, and then tapered off Do not operate heavy equipment while taking Do not mix with alcohol Not recommended for people with suicidal or addictive tendencies Tricyclic antidepressants According to the Mayo Clinic , tricyclic antidepressants are among the earliest antidepressants. They are often recommended when newer drugs have not been effective. They are not typically used for social anxiety disorder or OCD. They also work by blocking the reabsorption of serotonin and norepinephrine, but their mechanism of action is different and they typically cause more side effects than newer treatments. Common tricyclic antidepressants: Imipramine (Tofranil) Nortriptyline (Pamelor) Desipramine (Norpramin) Clomipramine (Anafranil) Common side effects: Drowsiness Blurred vision Constipation Dry mouth Drop in blood pressure when going from sitting to standing Urine retention Weight loss/weight gain Excessive sweating Tremor Sexual dysfunction What else you should know about tricyclic antidepressants: You should not stop taking these medications abruptly You may need to have blood work done to determine the correct dose Disorientation can occur in older people at higher doses May cause a rapid or irregular heart rate Can increase seizure activity if prone to seizures When to seek treatment for anxiety The National Institute of Mental Health lists these as common symptoms of anxiety: Feeling restless, wound up or on edge Being easily fatigued Having difficulty concentrating Being irritable Having headaches, muscle aches, stomach aches or unexplained pains Difficulty controlling feelings of worry Having sleep problems, such as difficulty falling or staying asleep The ADAA recommends seeking medication for anxiety when you are having physical symptoms, are unable to do what you want because of how you feel or are unable to make life choices because of fear. It is never too early to start treatment. Anxiety treatment can be more effective when used with therapy. It is essential to keep all your appointments with your provider. Do not stop your medication or change the dose without discussing it with your provider. If the side effects affect your daily activities, inform your provider immediately. If, at any time, you feel as though you may be suicidal, reach out to your provider or go to the nearest emergency room. You can also call or text the national suicide prevention hotline at 988. Posted March 2023