eotaxin-1

本研究中，研究者系统地评估了趋化因子融合的hpv16e6 /E7抗原在体内改善核苷酸疫苗诱导的细胞和体液免疫反应。 由mRNA或DNA抗原前体组成的核苷酸疫苗被宿主细胞吸收，其核苷酸序列在细胞内被翻译成抗原。然后，这些抗原可以被细胞质中的蛋白酶体降解，生成MHC-I分子的表位肽，并激活细胞毒性反应。细胞外分泌的抗原被抗原呈递细胞(APCs)吞噬，同时触发T辅助细胞或体液免疫。 核苷酸疫苗的特性赋予它们不仅在预防方面而且在治疗方面治疗癌症等疾病的能力。个体化RNA突变体疫苗成功地免疫了黑色素瘤患者，产生了良好的t细胞应答，延长了无进展生存期。核酸疫苗的免疫原性是成功的关键。因此，进一步的改进是非常可取的。 图片来源：https://doi-org.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/10.1186/s12943-024-01958-4 近日，来自中国医学科学院药物生物技术研究所的研究者们在Mol Cancer杂志上发表了题为“Genetic fusion of CCL11 to antigens enhances antigenicity in nucleic acid vaccines and eradicates tumor mass through optimizing T-cell response”的文章，该研究表明CCL11可能是一种有效的抗癌T细胞增强剂。 核酸疫苗在治疗癌症方面显示出良好的效力和功效，具有强大和特异性的T细胞反应。改善递送抗原的免疫原性有助于延长治疗疗效并降低剂量依赖性毒性。 在这里，研究者系统地评估了趋化因子融合的hpv16e6 /E7抗原在体内改善核苷酸疫苗诱导的细胞和体液免疫反应。研究发现，与不同趋化因子的融合改变了针对抗原的免疫反应的性质。虽然许多趋化因子能够单独或同时放大特定的CD8 + T细胞或体液反应，CCL11被认为是改善免疫原性、促进特异性CD8 + T细胞干细胞性和产生肿瘤排斥反应的最有效的趋化因子。 将CCL11与E6/E7抗原融合作为治疗性DNA疫苗显著提高了治疗效果，并在92%的携带肿瘤的小鼠中根除了已建立的大肿瘤(n = 25)。与CCL11融合的抗原扩大了特异性T细胞的TCR多样性，诱导活化的特异性T细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞和树突状细胞(dc)向肿瘤浸润，形成对肿瘤致命的综合免疫微环境。DNA疫苗联合抗CTLA4治疗进一步增强了治疗效果。此外，CCL11还可用于mRNA疫苗设计。 不同的趋化因子可以形成抗原诱导的免疫类型 图片来源：https://doi-org.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/10.1186/s12943-024-01958-4 总之，本研究表明与CCL11融合抗原不仅增加了特异性CD8 + T细胞的数量，而且提高了T细胞的质量，表现为TCF1 + PD1- CD62L +干细胞样CD8 + T细胞的数量和克隆多样性的增加。同时，在肿瘤中诱导了一个由先天免疫细胞和特异性免疫细胞组成的肿瘤致死性微环境。机制研究表明，CCR3 +细胞参与了这些免疫增强作用。虽然需要进一步鉴定特定的CCR3 +亚群，但它也表明，有效的抗肿瘤疫苗需要多种细胞亚群的参与。（生物谷 Bioon.com） 参考文献: Hailong Qi et al. Genetic fusion of CCL11 to antigens enhances antigenicity in nucleic acid vaccines and eradicates tumor mass through optimizing T-cell response. Mol Cancer. 2024 Mar 8;23(1):46. doi: 10.1186/s12943-024-01958-4.

前言肿瘤是一个复杂的生态系统，其中癌症细胞和多种宿主细胞之间的相互作用影响疾病的进展和治疗反应。在肿瘤进展过程中，癌症细胞采用多种途径来逃避免疫攻击，例如下调抗原提呈机制或诱导抑制性免疫检查点分子，而免疫压力在肿瘤的发展和转移扩散过程中促进克隆进化。同时，癌症细胞劫持免疫细胞，如中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞和调节性T细胞（Treg），以协调免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境（TME）。这反过来促进免疫逃逸，促进血管和细胞外基质的重塑，并支持癌症进展和治疗抵抗。异常免疫反应被广泛认为是癌症的标志，并为癌症治疗提供了有吸引力的靶点。因此，我们有必要深入了解癌症细胞的内在特征，包括遗传变异、信号通路调节和代谢改变，它们在协调免疫景观的组成和功能状态方面发挥关键作用，并影响免疫调节策略的治疗效益。遗传改变癌基因、抑癌基因或DNA损伤修复基因中的特定癌症细胞固有遗传改变有助于调节癌症免疫状况。癌基因癌症细胞中不同的致癌基因通过不同的机制调节免疫行为，这些机制因癌症类型、癌症分期和癌症部位而异。例如，KRAS突变通过IL-8诱导的炎症、IL-6介导的巨噬细胞和Treg细胞浸润、GM-CSF诱导的Gr1+CD11b+髓系细胞的扩增、IL-10和TGF-β介导的CD4+CD25−T细胞向Treg细胞的转化、以及抑制干扰素调节因子2（IRF2）和随后产生的CXCL3，从而导致CD8+T细胞抑制，髓系衍生抑制细胞（MDSCs）的迁移增强。MYC通过增强CD47和PD-L1表达来抑制抗肿瘤免疫，从而削弱巨噬细胞和T细胞的募集。此外通过分泌IL-1β，阻断细胞毒性T细胞、NK细胞和树突状细胞的浸润，并增强支持肿瘤的巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞的浸润。KRAS突变和MYC还通过与MYC相互作用的锌指蛋白1（MIZ1）产生协同作用，介导IFN-β的抑制以及CCL9和IL-23的分泌，增强PD-L1+巨噬细胞浸润，抑制B细胞、T细胞和NK淋巴细胞驱动免疫逃避。此外，突变的表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）通过降低PD-L1表达来驱动免疫逃逸，通过IRF1介导的CXCL10下调阻碍CD8+T细胞募集，并通过CD73依赖性腺苷生成或JNK–JUN介导的CCL2上调促进Treg细胞浸润。人表皮生长因子受体2（HER2）扩增导致主要组织相容性复合物I类（MHC-I）的下调和TANK结合激酶1（TBK1）的磷酸化，其抑制下游cGAS–STING信号传导和IFNβ产生，导致免疫逃避。抑癌基因抑癌基因通过不同的环境依赖机制调节免疫。例如，研究发现Trp53的缺失通过WNT配体介导的巨噬细胞极化和IL-1β的产生驱动免疫抑制，导致中性粒细胞的全身聚集，从而CD8+T细胞的抑制和CXCL17、CCL3、CCL11、CXCL5和M-CSF介导的巨噬细胞和Treg细胞的募集。TP53的突变与PD-L1表达相关，并通过CXCL2分泌调节免疫抑制中性粒细胞的募集，通过NF-κB介导的IL-8调节慢性炎症，并且结合TBK1抑制下游cGAS–STING–IRF3信号传导和IFN-β1的产生，其减少T细胞和NK细胞浸润并增强巨噬细胞极化。相反，TP53的功能增益突变与新抗原表达，以及IFN-γ和CXCL9表达相关，这支持抗肿瘤免疫。在KRAS突变肿瘤中，丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶11（STK11）的失活通过粒细胞集落刺激因子（G-CSF）、IL-6和CXCL7的表达刺激免疫抑制中性粒细胞的积聚。此外，KRAS和STK11突变肿瘤中PD-L1的表达会导致对免疫检查点阻断（ICB）的抵抗。最后，PTEN丢失通过CCL2和VEGF的分泌减少CD8+T细胞浸润，并激活PI3K信号增强PD-L1的表达，以及NF-κB介导的CCL20、CXCL1、IL-6和IL-23分泌增强Treg细胞和髓系细胞浸润，并通过IL-1β和M-CSF驱动局部MDSC扩增。DNA损伤修复机制的遗传改变癌症细胞中的错配修复（MMR）缺陷会导致突变、新抗原和细胞中DNA的积累，从而触发cGAS–STING依赖性的T细胞浸润，免疫检查点分子如PD-1、PDL1、CTLA-4和LAG-3在浸润免疫细胞上的表达增强。在BRCA1突变的肿瘤中，双链DNA积聚在细胞中，并引发与CD8+T细胞浸润相关的cGAS–STING介导的炎症反应。cGAS–STING还促进免疫抑制性髓系细胞、巨噬细胞、Treg细胞和耗竭的PD1+T细胞的募集，以及VEGF的上调。DNA传感基因和下游介质（如IFN-β或CCL5）的遗传缺失或表观遗传沉默可介导BRCA1突变肿瘤的免疫逃逸，以及PD-L1的表达增强。相反，BRCA2突变肿瘤显示cGAS–STING介导的各种T细胞群的富集。表观遗传修饰除了遗传改变外，表观遗传改变也是癌症细胞的一个共同特征，在核结构和基因转录中起着至关重要的作用。癌症表观基因组会发生各种变化，包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、染色质重塑和非编码RNA的失调。越来越多的证据表明，癌症细胞中发生的表观遗传变化也会影响与免疫系统的串扰。DNA甲基化由于超级增强子（SE）的形成，炎症基因的DNA去甲基化导致CXC趋化因子配体（CXCL）介导的中性粒细胞募集，而总体低甲基化与PD-L1、IL-6和VEGF的表达增强相关。而DNA（超）甲基化可降低编码PD-L1的基因CD274和编码MHC-I的HLA基因的表达，而编码cGAS–STING的基因通过启动子甲基化的转录抑制增强MHC-I表达和T细胞识别。异柠檬酸脱氢酶1（IDH1）或IDH2的突变通过将α-酮戊二酸转化为（R）-2-羟基戊二酸（2HG）来诱导全局超甲基化。而编码PD-L1、CXCL9和CXCL10免疫相关基因的转录抑制会损害IDH突变肿瘤中CD8+T细胞的浸润，G-CSF的转录激活会增强非抑制性中性粒细胞和前中性粒细胞的浸润。组蛋白甲基化组蛋白H3在Lys27发生三甲基化（H3K27me3），在DNA低甲基化的背景下，抑制编码MHC-I、CXCL9和CXCL10的基因，并减少CD8+T细胞浸润。癌症细胞中的多梳抑制复合物2（PRC2）活性介导H3K27me3，抑制G-CSF和IL-6的表达并诱导性一氧化氮合成酶阳性（iNOS+）巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞和T细胞的招募。ARID1A是SWI/SNF复合物的DNA结合亚基, ARID1A的遗传突变会抑制IFN-γ诱导基因转录和CXCL9、CXCL10和CXCL11的表达，从而抑制T细胞浸润。组蛋白乙酰化组蛋白乙酰化通过组蛋白乙酰转移酶1（HAT1）调节免疫应答，HAT1介导CD274和组蛋白去乙酰化酶（HDACs）的表达，HDACs抑制编码PD-L1和PD-L2的基因的表达，以及CCL5、CXCL9和CXCL10的表达，从而损害T细胞浸润。细胞内信号通路癌症细胞的一个关键特征是异常信号传导，这是由编码或非编码DNA区域的遗传或表观遗传改变以及生长因子和代谢等外部信号驱动的。WNT–β-catenin通路激活的癌症细胞内固有WNT–β-catenin信号与免疫排斥相关，但其潜在机制仍不明确。WNT–β-catenin通过诱导ATF3表达阻断CD103+树突状细胞的募集和T细胞启动，并抑制CCL4或CCL5分泌。TGF-β通路淋巴细胞抗原LY6K和LY6E在癌症细胞中的过表达激活TGF-β信号转导和SMAD2/3磷酸化，导致NK细胞活性降低和Treg细胞浸润增强。αVβ6整合素的上调通过激活TGF-β和SMAD2/3磷酸化来调节SOX4的表达，SOX4抑制多种I型干扰素诱导基因和编码MHC-I的基因，同时增强PD-L1表达，这会损害细胞毒性T细胞介导的免疫。此外，癌症细胞衍生的TGF-β介导CD4+T细胞向Treg细胞的转化。而SMAD4的敲除会导致肿瘤细胞中TGF-β信号的失活，这增强了CCL9的表达和未成熟髓系细胞的募集。NF-κB信号通路PD-L1的表达受癌症细胞内NF-κB信号转导的转录调控，其途径是通过MUC1-c与CD274启动子上的NF-κB亚基p65的直接结合，或通过TGF-β介导的MRTFA的表达。MUC1-C和p65还驱动ZEB1转录，这导致编码CCL2、IFN-γ、GM-CSF和TLR9的基因受到抑制，CD8+T细胞浸润受损。相反，免疫疗法和化疗诱导的NF-κB和p300–CBP的活化增强了MHC-I抗原呈递和CD8+T细胞识别。HIF信号通路缺氧诱导的缺氧诱导因子1α（HIF1α）信号通路通过增强CD274的表达和抑制编码CCL2和CCL5的基因来驱动免疫逃避，这会损害NK细胞和CD8+T细胞的浸润，而HIF2α诱导CXCL1的表达并促进肿瘤的中性粒细胞募集。代谢改变在肿瘤的发生和进展过程中，癌症细胞及其TME不断暴露在恶劣的条件和压力下。为了生存和维持生长，需要细胞适应和代谢重编程。癌症代谢重编程与免疫抑制和逃避有关。肿瘤细胞消耗大量葡萄糖，这与T细胞浸润不良有关。高葡萄糖消耗导致乳酸的产生并分泌到肿瘤微环境中，乳酸在肿瘤微环境中以免疫抑制的方式起作用，降低NK细胞的细胞溶解活性，并增强PD-1表达和Treg细胞的免疫抑制能力。此外，乳酸增加了肿瘤和脾脏中MDSC的频率，并在肿瘤相关巨噬细胞中诱导“M2样”极化。此外，癌症细胞中谷氨酰胺的消耗降低CD8+T细胞的活化和浸润，并通过增加G-CSF的分泌增强MDSC的募集。小结近年来，关于癌症细胞-免疫细胞串扰的研究大幅增长。跨越式发展的技术进步，包括单细胞多组学技术，基于人工智能的系统生物学方法以及体内体细胞基因编辑策略，有望加速这些研究的深入，并最终形成针对个体患者的新型免疫干预策略。展望未来，个性化免疫干预策略将需要综合多组学肿瘤表征、免疫分析、液体活检样本的动态监测以评估基于血液的生物标志物、计算数据分析和转化，以及临床相关体外和体内模型的机制研究。有关癌症细胞内在和癌症细胞外部特征的知识体系将共同决定局部和系统免疫状况，以指导临床决策，并为针对患者个性化新型治疗方法开辟道路。参考文献：1.Mechanisms driving the immunoregulatory function of cancer cells. Nat Rev Cancer.2023 Jan 30.封面图来源：pixabay版权声明/免责声明本文为授权转载文章。本文仅作信息交流之目的，不提供任何商用、医用、投资用建议。文中图片、视频、字体、音乐等素材或为药时代购买的授权正版作品，或来自微信公共图片库，或取自公司官网/网络，部分素材根据CC0协议使用，版权归拥有者，药时代尽力注明来源。如有任何问题，请与我们联系。衷心感谢!药时代官方网站:www.drugtimes.cn联系方式:电话:13651980212微信:27674131邮箱:contact@drugtimes.cn股价大涨270%！涨的是所有GLP-1“弯道超车”的机会3个月减重近30斤，股价翻倍，Viking已被礼来看中？14.6亿美元！诺和诺德又有新交易点击这里，欣赏更多精彩内容！

—Proteomic Analysis of Human Samples Highlights the Unique Role of CCL24 in Activating Key PSC-related Disease Mechanisms Involving Immune Cell Trafficking and HSC Activation, Further Confirming the Potential of Chemomab's CCL24-Neutralizing Antibody CM-101 as a Promising Therapy for PSC— —CM-101 Phase 2 PSC Trial Has Completed Patient Enrollment with Topline Data Readout Targeted for Midyear 2024— TEL AVIV, Israel, Jan. 30, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Chemomab Therapeutics Ltd. (Nasdaq: CMMB) (Chemomab), a clinical stage biotechnology company focused on the discovery and development of innovative therapeutics for fibro-inflammatory diseases with high unmet need, today announced publication of proteomic analyses that further demonstrate the unique role of the soluble protein CCL24 in driving pathologies associated with the rare fibrotic liver disease primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The new studies reinforce the extensive existing evidence showing that Chemomab's first-in-class CCL24-neutralizing antibody CM-101 can interrupt these destructive processes. The study, "The Role of CCL24 in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Bridging Patient Serum Proteomics to Preclinical Data" 1 has been published in the current online version of the peer-reviewed journal Cells. "The patient sample and other proteomic analyses reported in this publication add to the large and growing body of data showing that CCL24 is a major driver of PSC pathology, providing more detail about its central role in orchestrating the fibrosis and inflammation underlying PSC progression," said Adi Mor, PhD, co-founder, Chief Executive Officer and Chief Scientific Officer of Chemomab. "These new data further validating our CCL24 target and the clinical rationale for our CCL24-neutralizing antibody are especially timely as we look forward to our CM-101 Phase 2 topline readout expected midyear, which has the potential to deliver the first significant clinical proof-of-concept of CM-101's therapeutic activity in PSC, a lethal disease with no FDA approved therapies." The studies included advanced proteomic analyses of serum samples from PSC patients and healthy controls to further investigate the involvement of CCL24 in PSC and its association with specific disease-related pathways. They confirmed the exclusive association of CCL24 with fundamental PSC mechanisms, with no similar association seen with two other related proteins (CCL11 and CCL26) sharing the same receptor, emphasizing CCL24's unique potential as a target for PSC therapies. Additional studies showed that CCL24 directly contributes to the development of fibrosis and inflammation in PSC via recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), a major source of the myofibroblasts that are a key driver of liver fibrogenesis. Notably, an invitro analysis pinpointed a CCL24-dependant proteomic signature in HSCs treated with CCL24 that is capable of stratifying PSC patients based on disease severity, offering promise for future disease activity monitoring. CM-101 is a first-in-class CCL24-neutralizing monoclonal antibody whose dual anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activity has demonstrated disease modifying potential in nonclinical studies of PSC and other fibro-inflammatory disorders. CM-101 has Orphan Drug designation for PSC in the U.S. and the European Union and was recently awarded Fast Track designation by the FDA for the treatment of PSC in adults. About Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis PSC is a rare, progressive liver disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis (scarring) of the bile ducts that can lead to cirrhosis of the liver, liver failure and death. PSC also increases the risk of various cancers, which account for about half of PSC-related mortality. PSC affects an estimated 30,000 patients in the U.S. and about 80,000 worldwide. The underlying cause of PSC is unknown, but about 75% of patients also have inflammatory bowel disease. Currently there are no approved therapies for PSC. Liver transplantation is common in advanced cases, but even then, PSC re-occurs in about 20% of transplanted patients. There is a high unmet need for therapeutic options to address the symptoms and modify the progression of this devastating illness. 1 Greenman, R.; Snir, T.; Katav, A.; Aricha, R.; Mishalian, I.; Hay, O.; Frankel, M.; Lawler, J.; Saffioti, F.; Pinzani, M.; et al. The Role of CCL24 in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Bridging Patient Serum Proteomics to Preclinical Data. Cells 2024, 13, 209. Forward Looking Statements This press release contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. These forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements regarding the clinical development pathway for CM-101; the expectation that Chemomab will report topline data from the PSC clinical trial by mid-year 2024; the length, duration and impact of the war in Israel on Chemomab's business and operations; the future operations of Chemomab and its ability to successfully initiate and complete clinical trials and achieve regulatory milestones; the nature, strategy and focus of Chemomab; the development and commercial potential and potential benefits of any product candidates of Chemomab; and that the product candidates have the potential to address high unmet needs of patients with serious fibrosis-related diseases and conditions. Any statements contained in this communication that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based upon Chemomab's current expectations. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties. Because such statements deal with future events and are based on Chemomab's current expectations, they are subject to various risks and uncertainties and actual results, performance or achievements of Chemomab could differ materially from those described in or implied by the statements in this presentation, including those found under the caption "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in Chemomab's filings and reports with the SEC. Chemomab expressly disclaims any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in Chemomab's expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statements are based, except as required by law. About Chemomab Therapeutics Ltd. Chemomab is a clinical stage biotechnology company developing innovative therapeutics for fibro-inflammatory diseases with high unmet need. Based on the unique and pivotal role of CCL24 in promoting fibrosis and inflammation, Chemomab developed CM-101, a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes CCL24 activity. In preclinical and clinical studies, CM-101 appears safe, with the potential to treat multiple severe and life-threatening fibro-inflammatory diseases. Chemomab has reported encouraging results from three clinical trials of CM-101 in patients, including a Phase 1b trial in NAFLD patients, a Phase 2a liver fibrosis trial in NASH patients and an investigator-initiated study in patients with severe lung injury. The CM-101 program for the treatment of systemic sclerosis is Phase 2-ready. A Phase 2 trial in primary sclerosing cholangitis has completed patient enrollment, with topline data expected midyear 2024. For more information about Chemomab, visit chemomab.com. Contacts: Media and Investors: Barbara Lindheim Consulting Vice President, Investor & Public Relations, Strategic Communications Phone: +1 917-355-9234 [email protected] IR@chemomab.com SOURCE Chemomab Therapeutics, Ltd.