ABSTRACTIntroductionBesides the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), downstream guanine monophosphate (cGMP) effector proteins are also considered to play a significant role in penile vascular disease. In animal studies, a downregulation of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase-1 (cGKI) α isoform has been linked to erectile dysfunction and diabetes mellitus. So far, the expression of cGKI α and β isoforms has not been evaluated in human penile erectile tissue.AimTo evaluate the expression of cGKI α and β isoforms in relation to smooth muscle α-actin, cGMP, and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in human cavernous arteries (HCAs) and human corpus cavernosum (HCC).MethodsCryostat sections of HCA and HCC were incubated with primary antibodies directed against α-actin, cGMP, eNOS, cGKI, cGKI α, and cGKI β. Visualization of double-labeled immunofluorescent stainings was achieved by laser microscopy. Western blot analysis was performed in order to confirm the expression of cGKI isoforms.Main Outcome MeasuresExpression of cGKI α and β isoforms in relation to smooth muscle α-actin, cGMP, and eNOS in human penile erectile tissue.ResultsImmunoreactivities specific for cGKI, cGKI α, and cGKI β were observed within the smooth musculature and the endothelium of cavernous arteries and sinusoids. Double stainings revealed the colocalization of alpha-actin, cGMP, eNOS, and cGKI isoforms. The expression of cGKI isoforms was confirmed by Western blot analysis.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate, for the first time, the expression of both cGKI α and β isoforms in the smooth musculature of HCA and HCC. Corresponding to recent findings from animal studies, the presence of cGKI α and β provides further evidence for a significant role of these enzymes in the control of smooth muscle function in human penile erectile tissue.