Emodepside

The nasal capillarid Eucoleus boehmi has gained importance in the veterinary field in recent years. However, much is still unknown regarding its life cycle, geographic distribution, and treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of three commercial anthelmintic products against E. boehmi in foxhound dogs and to assess the olfactory capacity of infected individuals. The treatment protocols included moxidectin/imidacloprid (MI) and pyrantel pamoate/febantel/praziquantel (PFP), separately and combined, as well as emodepside/praziquantel (EP) alone. Fecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) were performed using the mini-FLOTAC technique for evaluating the anthelmintic efficacy. The olfactory capacity was assessed through a natural detection task method. In the first phase, the fecal egg count reduction (FECR) values at day 11 post-treatment (PT) were 58 % (95 % CI: 31 %-77 %) for MI, 35 % (95 % CI: 16 %-65 %) for PFP, and 84 % (95 % CI: 68 %-92 %) for EP. On day 33 PT, the fecal egg count (FEC) was higher in all animals compared with day 0. One month after finishing the first phase of the study, a second phase of the trial was performed, and eligible animals were treated either with a combination of MI/PFP or EP alone. On day 13 PT, FECR was 95 % (95 % CI: 78 %-100 %) in animals treated with MI/PFP and 89 % (95 % CI: 77 %-94 %) in animals that received EP. While EP demonstrated moderate efficacy in both phases, MI and PFP products were ineffective individually but achieved high efficacy when used together. In the olfactory function assessment, there was a moderate negative correlation between the egg counts and the performance of the dog in the test. In general, lower FEC were associated with better performance in the olfactory assessment. Further studies are needed to evaluate additional anthelmintics' efficacy, and to further understand the effect of E. boehmi on a dog's olfactory capacity.

Our study aimed to both provide comprehensive mechanistic enlightenment of the dissolution, supersaturation, and precipitation behavior of different formulations using various sampling approaches, as well as evaluate the predictive capabilities by in vitro in vivo correlation (IVIVC). In vitro two-stage dissolution tests, that simulate the transfer from gastric to intestinal phases, using four different formulations at two dose strengths of the poorly water-soluble and weakly basic drug emodepside were performed. During the two-stage dissolution tests, five different sampling approaches were employed simultaneously (in situ 2^nd derivative UV spectroscopy, benchtop centrifugation, filtration, nanofiltration, and microdialysis). Comparison of the different fractions captured by alternative sampling approaches allowed for mechanistic understandings of the interrelated processes occurring during non-sink biomimetic dissolution of the various formulations (drug-rich submicron particles, bile salt micelle-association, supersaturation/precipitation). The selective insights into the various "dissolved" fractions are discussed in the light of analogous literature findings. Furthermore, the bio-predictive capabilities of the sampling approaches were evaluated by IVIVC. Microdialysis and nanofiltration reflected human oral bioavailability best, followed by conventional filtration and benchtop centrifugation, while in situ UV spectroscopy showed the poorest correlation. Analysis of molecularly dissolved drug thus appears to better predict formulation behavior in vivo.