Vancomycin Hydrochloride

Major finding provides mechanistic explanation for ibezapolstat's (IBZ) selectivity in that the predicted bactericidal interaction between IBZ and its target DNA pol IIIC is conserved across most of the Bacillota phylum, including C. difficile, while certain beneficial taxa are naturally resistant to IBZ, allowing regrowth of resistant microbes known to confer health benefits This study used in silico methods to better interpret the narrower than expected ibezapolstat (IBZ) spectrum of activity observed in human trials, which included increased proportion of certain key gut microbiota of the Bacillota phylum IBZ susceptibility of human commensal (nonpathogenic) microbiota was predicted using genomic analysis and a phylogenetic tree construction of the IBZ target enzyme, pol IIIC Preparation continues to advance IBZ into international Ph3 clinical trials for treatment of CDI IBZ has previously been granted FDA QIDP and Fast-Track Designation and has received SME (Small and Medium-sized Enterprise) designation by the EMA STATEN ISLAND, N.Y., Feb. 24, 2025 /PRNewswire/ -- Acurx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: ACXP) ("Acurx" or the "Company") is a late-stage biopharmaceutical company developing a new class of small molecule antibiotics for difficult-to-treat bacterial infections, with its lead antibiotic candidate, ibezapolstat (IBZ), preparing to advance to international Phase 3 clinical trials to treat patients with C. difficile Infection (CDI). The Company today announced the results of a study and its publication in the Journal of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapeutics entitled: "The Microbiome-restorative Potential of Ibezapolstat for the Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infection is Predicted Through Variant PolC-type DNA Polymerase III in Lachnospiraceae and Oscillospiraceae". The primary researcher and author is Jacob K. McPherson, PharmD, a PhD Pharmacology Candidate at the University of Houston. This study was funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health. According to co-author Kevin Garey, PharmD, MS, FIDSA, Professor and Chair, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Principal Investigator for microbiology and microbiome aspects of the ibezapolstat clinical trial program, and Acurx Scientific Advisory Board member: "These studies help to explain the narrower than expected spectrum of activity of ibezapolstat in our ongoing clinical trials that helps explain regrowth of beneficial gut microbiota while patients are on ibezapolstat therapy." He added: "Genomic differences in the PolC between these species affect the binding of ibezapolstat allowing these beneficial microbes to be resistant and confer health benefits. This is distinctly different that the comparator vancomycin which kills these beneficial microbes causing high rates of C. difficile recurrence." Acurx's Executive Chairman, Bob DeLuccia, stated: "This in silico genomic analysis complements the structural biology data emerging from our scientific collaboration with Leiden University Medical Center." He further stated: "We're confident that these results can be leveraged to advance not only the ibezapolstat program but also our systemic Gram-positive antibiotic discovery program in lead optimization for an oral pol IIIC inhibitor for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and in parallel planning for our anti-anthrax bioterrorism program." During clinical trials with IBZ, a narrower than expected spectrum of activity was observed that included increased proportion of certain key microbiota of the Bacillota phylum known to confer health benefits, specifically Lachnospiraceae, Oscillospiraceae (formerly Ruminococcaceae), and Coprobacillaceae within Erysipelotrichales. The purpose of this study was to utilize in silico approaches to better interpret the narrower than expected IBZ spectrum of activity observed in human trials. IBZ susceptibility to human commensal microbiota was predicted using genomic analysis and PolC phylogenetic tree construction in relation to C. difficile and commensal low G + C bacteria. An amino acid phylogenetic tree identified certain residues that were phylogenetically variant in Lachnospiraceae, Oscillospiraceae, and Erysipelotrichales but conserved in C. difficile. The major finding of this study was that the predicted interactions between IBZ and pol IIIC is conserved across the majority of the Bacillota phylum except for Lachnospiraceae and Oscillospiraceae, and Erysipelotrichales (including Erysipelotrichaceae and Coprobacillaceae), taxa that were not killed or regrown in IBZ-treated subjects while on therapy. THE PUBLICATION IS ON OUR WEBSITE: About the AAC Journal: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (AAC) is an interdisciplinary journal devoted to the dissemination of knowledge relating to all aspects of antimicrobial and antiparasitic agents and chemotherapy. Generally, any report involving studies on or with antimicrobial, antiviral (including antiretroviral), or antiparasitic agents is within the purview of AAC. Studies involving animal models, pharmacological characterization, and clinical trials are appropriate for consideration. Acurx previously announced that it had received positive regulatory guidance from the EMA during its Scientific Advice Procedure which confirmed that the clinical, non-clinical and CMC (Chemistry Manufacturing and Controls) information package submitted to EMA supports advancement of the ibezapolstat Phase 3 program and if the Phase 3 program is successful, supports the submission of a Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) for regulatory approval in Europe. The information package submitted to EMA by the Company to which agreement has been reached with EMA included details on Acurx's two planned international Phase 3 clinical trials, 1:1 randomized (designed as non-inferiority vs vancomycin), primary and secondary endpoints, sample size, statistical analysis plan and the overall registration safety database. With mutually consistent feedback from both EMA and FDA, Acurx is well positioned to commence our international Phase 3 registration program. The primary efficacy analysis will be performed using a Modified Intent-To-Treat (mITT) population. This will result in an estimated 450 subjects in the mITT population, randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either ibezapolstat or standard- of-care vancomycin, enrolled into the initial Phase 3 trial. The trial design not only allows determination of ibezapolstat's ability to achieve Clinical Cure of CDI as measured 2 days after 10 days of oral treatment but also includes assessment of ibezapolstat's potential effect on reduction of CDI recurrence in the target population. In the event non-inferiority of ibezapolstat to vancomycin is demonstrated, further analysis will be conducted to test for superiority. About the Ibezapolstat Phase 2 Clinical Trial The completed multicenter, open-label single-arm segment (Phase 2a) study was followed by a double-blind, randomized, active-controlled, non-inferiority, segment (Phase 2b) at 28 US clinical trial sites which together comprise the Phase 2 clinical trial. (Link to Clinicaltrials.gov/NCT042447542) This Phase 2 clinical trial was designed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of ibezapolstat in the treatment of CDI including pharmacokinetics and microbiome changes from baseline. from study centers in the United States. In the Phase 2a trial segment,10 patients with diarrhea caused by C. difficile were treated with ibezapolstat 450 mg orally, twice daily for 10 days. All patients were followed for recurrence for 28± 2 days. Per protocol, after 10 patients of the projected 20 Phase 2a patients completed treatment (100% cured infection at End of Treatment). In the Phase 2b trial segment, which was discontinued due to success, 32 patients with CDI were enrolled and randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either ibezapolstat 450 mg every 12 hours or vancomycin 125 mg orally every 6 hours, in each case, for 10 days and followed for 28 ± 2 days following the end of treatment for recurrence of CDI. The two treatments were identical in appearance, dosing times, and number of capsules administered to maintain the blind. The Company previously reported that the overall observed Clinical Cure rate in the combined Phase 2 trials in patients with CDI was 96% (25 out of 26 patients), based on 10 out of 10 patients (100%) in Phase 2a in the Modified Intent to Treat Population, plus 15 out of 16 (94%) patients in Phase 2b in the Per Protocol Population, who experienced Clinical Cure during treatment with ibezapolstat. Ibezapolstat was well-tolerated, with three patients each experiencing one mild adverse event assessed by the blinded investigator to be drug- related. All three events were gastrointestinal in nature and resolved without treatment. There were no drug-related treatment withdrawals or no drug-related serious adverse events, or other safety findings of concern. In the Phase 2b vancomycin control arm, 14 out of 14 patients experienced Clinical Cure. The Company is confident that based on the pooled Phase 2 ibezapolstat Clinical Cure rate of 96% and the historical vancomycin cure rate of approximately 81% (Vancocin® Prescribing Information, January 2021), we will demonstrate non-inferiority of ibezapolstat to vancomycin in Phase 3 trials in accordance with the applicable FDA Guidance for Industry (October 2022). In the Phase 2 clinical trial (both trial segments), the Company also evaluated pharmacokinetics (PK) and microbiome changes and test for anti-recurrence microbiome properties, including the change from baseline in alpha diversity and bacterial abundance, especially overgrowth of healthy gut microbiota Actinobacteria and Firmicute phylum species during and after therapy. Phase 2a data demonstrated complete eradication of colonic C. difficile by day three of treatment with ibezapolstat as well as the observed overgrowth of healthy gut microbiota, Actinobacteria and Firmicute phyla species, during and after therapy. Very importantly, emerging data show an increased concentration of secondary bile acids during and following ibezapolstat therapy which is known to correlate with colonization resistance against C. difficile. A decrease in primary bile acids and the favorable increase in the ratio of secondary-to-primary bile acids suggest that ibezapolstat may reduce the likelihood of CDI recurrence when compared to vancomycin. The company also recently reported positive extended clinical cure (ECC) data for ibezapolstat (IBZ), its lead antibiotic candidate, from the Company's recently completed Phase 2b clinical trial in patients with CDI. This exploratory endpoint showed that 12 patients who agreed to be followed up to three months following Clinical Cure of their infection, 5 of 5 IBZ patients experienced no recurrence of infection. In the vancomycin control arm of the trial, 7 of 7 patients experienced no recurrence of infection. ECC success is defined as a clinical cure at the TOC visit (i.e., at least 48 hours post EOT) and no recurrence of CDI within the 56 ± 2 days post EOT (ECC56) and 84 ± 2 days post EOT (ECC84) in patients who consented to extended observation. In the Phase 2b trial, 100% (5 of 5) of ibezapolstat-treated patients who agreed to observation for up to three months following Clinical Cure of CDI experienced no recurrence of infection. Furthermore, ibezapolstat-treated patients showed lower concentrations of fecal primary bile acids, and higher beneficial ratio of secondary to primary bile acids than vancomycin-treated patients. About Ibezapolstat Ibezapolstat is the Company's lead antibiotic candidate planning to advance to international Phase 3 clinical trials to treat patients with C. difficile Infection (CDI). Ibezapolstat is a novel, orally administered antibiotic, being developed as a Gram-Positive Selective Spectrum (GPSS®) antibacterial. It is the first of a new class of DNA polymerase IIIC inhibitors under development by Acurx to treat bacterial infections. Ibezapolstat's unique spectrum of activity, which includes C. difficile but spares other Firmicutes and the important Actinobacteria phyla, appears to contribute to the maintenance of a healthy gut microbiome. In June 2018, ibezapolstat was designated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP) for the treatment of patients with CDI and will be eligible to benefit from the incentives for the development of new antibiotics established under the Generating New Antibiotic Incentives Now (GAIN) Act. In 2019, FDA granted "Fast Track" designation to ibezapolstat for the treatment of patients with CDI. The CDC has designated C. difficile as an urgent threat highlighting the need for new antibiotics to treat CDI. About Clostridioides difficile Infection (CDI) According to the 2017 Update (published February 2018) of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for C. difficile Infection by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society or Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), CDI remains a significant medical problem in hospitals, in long-term care facilities and in the community. C. difficile is one of the most common causes of health care- associated infections in U.S. hospitals (Lessa, et al, 2015, New England Journal of Medicine). Recent estimates suggest C. difficile approaches 500,000 infections annually in the U.S. and is associated with approximately 20,000 deaths annually. (Guh, 2020, New England Journal of Medicine). Based on internal estimates, the recurrence rate for the antibiotics currently used to treat CDI is between 20% and 40% among approximately 150,000 patients treated. We believe the annual incidence of CDI in the U.S. approaches 600,000 infections and a mortality rate of approximately 9.3%. About the Microbiome in C. difficile Infection (CDI) and Bile Acid Metabolism C. difficile can be a normal component of the healthy gut microbiome, but when the microbiome is thrown out of balance, the C. difficile can thrive and cause an infection. After colonization with C. difficile, the organism produces and releases the main virulence factors, the two large clostridial toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB). (Kachrimanidou, Microorganisms 2020, 8, 200; doi:10.3390/microorganisms8020200.) TcdA and TcdB are exotoxins that bind to human intestinal epithelial cells and are responsible for inflammation, fluid and mucous secretion, as well as damage to the intestinal mucosa. Bile acids perform many functional roles in the GI tract, with one of the most important being maintenance of a healthy microbiome by inhibiting C. difficile growth. Primary bile acids, which are secreted by the liver into the intestines, promote germination of C. difficile spores and thereby increase the risk of recurrent CDI after successful treatment of an initial episode. On the other hand, secondary bile acids, which are produced by normal gut microbiota through metabolism of primary bile acids, do not induce C. difficile sporulation and therefore protect against recurrent disease. Since ibezapolstat treatment leads to minimal disruption of the gut microbiome, bacterial production of secondary bile acids continues which may contribute to an anti-recurrence effect. Beneficial effects of bile acids include a decrease in primary bile acids and an increase in secondary bile acids in patients with CDI, which was observed in the Company's Ph2a trial results and previously reported (CID, 2022). In the Ph2b trial, ibezapolstat-treated patients showed lower concentrations of fecal primary bile acids, and higher beneficial ratio of secondary to primary bile acids than vancomycin-treated patients. About Acurx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Acurx Pharmaceuticals is a late-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing a new class of small molecule antibiotics for difficult-to-treat bacterial infections. The Company's approach is to develop antibiotic candidates with a Gram-positive selective spectrum (GPSS®) that blocks the active site of the Gram-positive specific bacterial enzyme DNA polymerase IIIC (pol IIIC), inhibiting DNA replication and leading to Gram-positive bacterial cell death. Its R&D pipeline includes antibiotic product candidates that target Gram-positive bacteria, including Clostridioides difficile, methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), drug- resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP) and B. anthracis (anthrax; a Bioterrorism Category A Threat-Level pathogen). Acurx's lead product candidate, ibezapolstat, for the treatment of C. difficile Infection is Phase 3 ready with plans in progress to begin international clinical trials next year. The Company's preclinical pipeline includes development of an oral product candidate for treatment of ABSSSI (Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections), upon which a development program for treatment of inhaled anthrax is being planned in parallel. To learn more about Acurx Pharmaceuticals and its product pipeline, please visit . Forward-Looking Statements Any statements in this press release about our future expectations, plans and prospects, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, prospects, plans and objectives, and other statements containing the words "believes," "anticipates," "plans," "expects," and similar expressions, constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Actual results may differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements as a result of various important factors, including: whether ibezapolstat will benefit from the QIDP designation; whether ibezapolstat will advance through the clinical trial process on a timely basis; whether the results of the clinical trials of ibezapolstat will warrant the submission of applications for marketing approval, and if so, whether ibezapolstat will receive approval from the FDA or equivalent foreign regulatory agencies where approval is sought; whether, if ibezapolstat obtains approval, it will be successfully distributed and marketed; and other risks and uncertainties described in the Company's annual report filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, and in the Company's subsequent filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Such forward- looking statements speak only as of the date of this press release, and Acurx disclaims any intent or obligation to update these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements, except as may be required by law. Investor Contact: Acurx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. David P. Luci, President & CEO Tel: 917-533-1469 Email: [email protected] SOURCE Acurx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. WANT YOUR COMPANY'S NEWS FEATURED ON PRNEWSWIRE.COM? 440k+ Newsrooms & Influencers 9k+ Digital Media Outlets 270k+ Journalists Opted In GET STARTED

点击上方的 行舟Drug ▲ 添加关注 眼科玻璃体内注射药物的临床应用研究进展 来源  《中国临床药学杂志》 2025年第34卷第1期 作者  唐凤敏，黄滔敏 复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院药剂科 摘要  玻璃体内注射是眼科常用的给药方法之一，国内外现已有多种药物批准用于玻璃体内注射，如抗血管内皮生长因子、糖皮质激素、补体抑制剂、纤溶酶和抗病毒药物等。通过对目前已获批的玻璃体内注射药物和超说明书用于玻璃体内注射的药物进行综述，为临床玻璃体内注射药物的使用提供参考。 关键词  玻璃体内注射；血管内皮生长因子；糖皮质激素；玻璃体内植入剂；眼科 _ 正文 _ 随着全球人口老龄化的加剧，以及各类慢性疾病的发病率上升，眼科疾病的治疗需求日益增长，特别是年龄相关性黄斑变性（neovascular age-related macular degeneration，nAMD）、糖尿病性黄斑水肿（diabetic macular edema，DME）和视网膜静脉阻塞（retinal vein obstruction，RVO）等眼底疾病，已成为目前导致视力损害和致盲的主要原因[1-3]。玻璃体内注射（intravitreal injection，IVI）是一种将药物直接注入玻璃体腔的操作方式[4]，是眼科常用的治疗手段之一。IVI能够提高药物在眼部的疗效，减少全身不良反应，是视网膜和脉络膜疾病的有效治疗方法[5]。自2004年首个抗血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor，VEGF）药物哌加他尼在美国获批上市以来，多种抗VEGF药物、糖皮质激素、补体抑制剂等药物陆续获批用于IVI，显著改善了眼科疾病的疗效。抗VEGF药物是nAMD的一线治疗药物，能够改善患者的视功能，恢复黄斑区解剖结构[1]。抗VEGF药物和糖皮质激素IVI是治疗DME和RVO引起黄斑水肿（macular edema，ME）的2种主要方式[2-8]。糖皮质激素通过多种机制产生抗炎作用，以修复视网膜屏障并减少渗出。糖皮质激素玻璃体内植入剂可以在玻璃体腔持续释放药物>6个月，抗炎效果更长效、更稳定，同时减少了眼内频繁注药可能发生的不良反应。但由于糖皮质激素可能引起白内障和眼压升高，因此通常作为二线治疗药物用于抗VEGF药物治疗应答不良或无应答的DME患者。对于人工晶状体眼或具有全身心血管病高危因素的DME患者，可考虑将糖皮质激素玻璃体内植入剂作为一线用药[3]。2023年美国FDA批准了补体抑制剂IVI用于治疗继发于nAMD的地图样萎缩（geographic atrophy，GA）。国外已获批用于IVI的药物还有纤溶酶和更昔洛韦。临床实践中，还有众多药物以超说明书用药的方式用于IVI，如贝伐珠单抗，万古霉素、头孢他啶、莫西沙星、伏立康唑、两性霉素B和甲氨喋呤等。我们对已获批用于IVI的药物进行综述，同时介绍IVI超说明书用药情况，以期为临床IVI药物的使用提供参考。 1 已获批用于IVI的药物 1.1 抗VEGF药物 1.1.1 哌加他尼 2004年美国FDA批准了哌加他尼用于治疗nAMD[9]。哌加他尼是第1个用于nAMD的抗血管生成药物[10]，标志着抗VEGF药物IVI治疗眼科疾病的开始。目前哌加他尼在FDA网址的上市状态为“已撤市”。 1.1.2 雷珠单抗注射液 雷珠单抗主要用于nAMD的治疗，该药自2006年起在美国、欧洲、日本和中国等地区陆续被批准上市[11]。一项Meta分析[12]发现，IVI雷珠单抗治疗nAMD可以防止严重的视力损失。随着临床实践，雷珠单抗注射液的适应证逐渐增加，除了适用于成人nAMD，还适用于DME、DR、RVO-ME引起的视力损害、脉络膜新生血管（choroidal neovascularization，CNV）及早产儿视网膜病变等[13]。传统的抗VEGF药物通常需要每月或每2个月进行1次注射，而雷珠单抗（port delivery system，PDS）用于IVI可以持续释放药物，随后每6个月补充1次即可[14]。随着越来越多抗VEGF生物仿制药获得批准[15]，雷珠单抗注射液的费用可能会降低，进而可及性提高。 1.1.3 康柏西普眼用注射液 康柏西普是我国自主研发的一种抗VEGF药物，2013年获得批准用于临床，康柏西普对于nAMD、CNV和DME等眼部新生血管性疾病显示出可靠的安全性和疗效[16]。2023年国家药品监督管理局（National Medical Products Administration，NMPA）批准了康柏西普眼用注射液增加预充式注射器包装，为临床提供了多种给药方式选择。预充式注射器的操作步骤便捷，使用更精准。 1.1.4 阿柏西普眼内注射溶液 2018年阿柏西普眼内注射溶液在我国被批准用于nAMD的治疗。研究[17]表明，阿柏西普眼内注射溶液可有效治疗nAMD，每2个月1次的用药频率减少了患者每月进行IVI的风险和每月监测的负担。有研究[18]认为，阿柏西普眼内注射溶液与平均视力的提高和质量调整生命年的延长相关，对于nAMD患者是一种具有成本效益的选择。一项临床试验[19]报道，8mg组患者IVI阿柏西普眼内注射溶液的用药频率最长可达每16周1次，相比2mg组表现出非劣效的最佳矫正视力（best corrected visual acuity，BCVA）。 1.1.5 brolucizumab 2019年，美国FDA批准brolucizumab用于治疗nAMD，推荐给药剂量和频率为首3剂每月6mg，之后每8~12周6mg。但多项研究[20-21]认为给药间隔更长（每12周或16周1次），其有效性和安全性更高[22]。2项Ⅲ期临床试验比较了brolucizumab和阿柏西普眼内注射溶液治疗nAMD的效果，结果发现brolucizumab的整体安全性与阿柏西普眼内注射溶液相似，但是brolucizumab组在治疗第48周时的视力水平非劣效于阿柏西普眼内注射溶液组，并且超过了50%的自第48周起开始维持q12w频率用药的brolucizumab组患者[20]。上述试验结果表明brolucizumab的治疗间隔延长，可以减少注射次数，进而减少频繁的IVI给患者带来的负担。 1.1.6 法瑞西单抗注射液 法瑞西单抗注射液是VEGF和血管生成素-2（angiopoietin-2，Ang-2）抑制剂，是一种双特异性抗体。2022年FDA批准法瑞西单抗注射液用于治疗nAMD和DME，2023年法瑞西单抗注射液在我国获批相同的适应证。随机、双盲临床试验[23]结果表明，法瑞西单抗注射液治疗DME的用药时间最长可达16周。近期有研究[24-25]报道了法瑞西单抗的不良反应，如急性、严重的眼内炎和脉络膜上腔出血[24]。 1.2 糖皮质激素 1.2.1 地塞米松（dexamethasone，DEX） 2017年DEX玻璃体内植入剂在我国获批，用于治疗成年患者由视网膜分支静脉阻塞或中央静脉阻塞引起的ME，以及治疗成年患者的DME。DEX玻璃体内植入剂在欧洲还获批用于治疗非感染性葡萄膜炎（non-infectious uveitis，NIU）[25]。缓释的DEX弥补了糖皮质激素半衰期短（大约3h）和需要频繁给药的缺点，它可以持续给药长达6个月。大规模、随机的Ⅲ期临床试验[26]结果表明，DEX玻璃体内植入剂若以≥6个月的间隔给药，能够持续改善BCVA和ME。DEX的的不良反应主要有眼压升高和白内障，因此DEX玻璃体内植入剂在RVO-ME和DME的治疗中属于二线用药，多在抗VEGF药物治疗无应答时使用，但DEX玻璃体内植入剂对于人工晶状体眼或不愿频繁IVI的患者具有稳定的优势[27]。COSTELLO等[28]制造了与DEX玻璃体内植入剂性质相似的逆向工程植入剂，并且与原研药具有相似的三相药物释放曲线。该研究对基于50∶50聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物[50∶50Poly（lactic-co-glycolic acid），PLGA]植入剂的制备过程和特征进行了深入研究，为未来仿制药的开发奠定了基础。MATADH等[29]制备了不同药物载荷（地塞米松磷酸钠）的聚合物包覆聚合物微针，并进行了体外释放研究，探索该技术用于IVI的可能性，以降低传统IVI方式的风险。 1.2.2 氟轻松（fluocinolone acetonide，FA） 2014年美国FDA批准FA玻璃体内植入剂用于治疗已经接受过糖皮质激素治疗、但是眼内压（intraocular pressure，IOP）没有显著升高的DME。2022年FA玻璃体内植入剂在我国被批准用于治疗累及眼后段的慢性非感染性葡萄膜炎。在每支FA玻璃体内植入剂的药物递送系统中含有0.18mg FA，单次IVI后，能够以每天0.25μg的初始速率释放FA，持续36个月。有研究[30-31]表明，FA玻璃体内植入剂对常规治疗有抵抗的慢性DME有效。德国一项针对抗VEGF药物治疗反应不佳而采用IVI的DME患者研究[32]表明，单次使用FA玻璃体内植入剂最具成本效益。有研究[33]发现，FA玻璃体内植入剂发生高眼压和白内障的风险高于DEX玻璃体内植入剂。因此，在使用FA玻璃体内植入剂后应定期检查患者晶状体，并监测IOP。 1.2.3 曲安奈德（triamcinolone acetonide，TA） TA注射混悬液是一种合成糖皮质激素，适用于治疗交感性眼炎、颞动脉炎和葡萄膜炎，以及对局部糖皮质激素无反应的眼部炎症等眼科疾病，还可通过IVI用于玻璃体切割术中的可视化。MARTIDIS等[34]研究发现，对于对传统激光光凝治疗无反应的DME，TA混悬液IVI可能是一种潜在治疗方法。ACEVES-FRANCO等[35]认为，TA注射混悬液中的防腐剂与视网膜毒性相关，需开发无防腐剂的TA制剂，以减少对眼部的损伤和毒性。TA混悬液局部脂质体制剂在治疗玻璃体视网膜疾病中表现出了潜力，有可能成为TA注射混悬液IVI的替代方案。 1.3 补体抑制剂 1.3.1 pegcetacoplan 补体系统是由35种广泛存在于血清、组织液和细胞膜表面具有酶活性的蛋白质共同组成的一个反应系统，在机体免疫防御系统中起重要作用，但补体异常活化也参与许多炎症性疾病的发生和发展[36-37]。Pegcetacoplan是一种补体C3抑制剂，2023年FDA将pegcetacoplan批准用于治疗继发于nAMD的GA。有研究[38]报道pegcetacoplan IVI能够显著抑制GA的发展。Pegcetacoplan是FDA批准的首个用于GA的IVI药物，并且FDA建议使用pegcetacoplan时采用无硅油注射器[39]。WITKIN等[40]报道了13例患者使用pegcetacoplan后出现视网膜血管炎，病因不明确，建议对于此类患者避免再次使用pegcetacoplan。 1.3.2 avacincaptad pegol（ACP） ACP是一种补体C5抑制剂，2023年被FDA批准用于治疗继发于nAMD的GA。推荐用法用量为2mg，IVI，每月1次，最长可使用12个月。一项为期18个月的临床研究[41]显示，ACP对GA的抑制效果更明显，并且患者耐受性良好。 1.4 纤溶酶 2012年FDA批准奥克纤溶酶用于治疗症状性玻璃体黄斑粘连。奥克纤溶酶是一种蛋白水解酶，通过诱导玻璃体液化及减弱玻璃体黄斑粘连，起到药物性玻璃体后脱离的作用，避免了手术后玻璃体后脱离创伤大、脱离不彻底的问题。由于纤溶酶的活性受多种因素（血液内纤溶酶原的浓度会影响纤溶酶的活性、纤溶酶在生成后会在较短时间内失活等）影响，纤溶酶并没有在玻璃体切除手术中得到广泛应用[42]。 1.5 抗病毒药物 1.5.1 更昔洛韦 更昔洛韦IVI一直是慢性巨细胞病毒（cytomegalovirus，CMV）性视网膜炎的主要治疗方法之一，自1987年至今已广泛应用。SANBORN等[43]早在1992年就报道了更昔洛韦IVI后，药物可以在眼内持续释放4~5个月，与静脉注射或反复IVI相比，它在患有视网膜炎的艾滋病等传染病的患者中具有更大优势。1996年FDA批准了更昔洛韦用于治疗艾滋病患者的CMV性视网膜炎。更昔洛韦玻璃体内植入剂是第1个被批准上市玻璃体内植入装置[44]，但是目前已下市。2024年KAPOOR等[45]报道了1例CMV性视网膜炎患者多次IVI更昔洛韦后出现视网膜毒性的罕见病例。 文章内容由凡默谷小编查阅文献选取，排版与编辑为原创。如转载，请尊重劳动成果，注明【来源：凡默谷公众号】。 2  IVI超说明书用药 眼科超说明书用药是一种常见的情况[46]，为了规范眼科超说明书用药行为，《中国眼科药物说明书外使用临床实践指南》[46]中给出了药品说明书适应证中无眼部疾病药物的眼科使用推荐意见，以指导眼科超说明书用药。 2.1 抗VEGF药物 多项研究证实了IVI贝伐珠单抗注射液在nAMD、DME、ROP和ROV相关ME等眼科疾病中的安全性和有效性[47-52]。一项研究[53]比较了贝伐珠单抗注射液和雷珠单抗注射液IVI治疗nAMD的效果，结果发现2种药物在有效性和安全性方面差异无统计学意义，但雷珠单抗注射液的治疗成本远高于贝伐珠单抗注射液。HELJAK等[54]建立了一个模型，用以预测贝伐珠单抗注射液IVI对不同大小PLGA微球的视网膜浓度的影响，此模型为抗VEGF药物眼部持给药续释放提供了可靠的评价依据。LEE等[55]的研究中报道了1种可以实现玻璃体腔长期释放药物的贝伐珠单抗水凝胶棒，这种剂型能够降低注射频率，改善视网膜血管疾病患者的长期视力。贝伐珠单抗水凝胶棒的生物可降解性和安全性表明其可作为治疗视网膜血管疾病的高级玻璃体内药物递送系统。 2.2 抗菌药物 万古霉素是治疗感染性眼内炎最常用的糖肽类抗菌药物，由于眼球结构特殊，万古霉素常规眼部给药的生物利用度非常低（<5%），通过IVI给药是目前解决这一难题的较好方式[56]。对于白内障摘除术后出现的感染性眼内炎，专家共识[57]推荐首选10g·L-1的万古霉素0.1mL和20g·L-1头孢他啶0.1mL联合IVI。若患者对头孢菌素类药物过敏，可选用庆大霉素、阿米卡星、丁胺卡那霉素等抗菌药物替代。还可以少量IVI糖皮质激素（地塞米松0.4mg）以减轻炎性反应。对于外源性眼内炎患者，若临床确诊或高度怀疑的感染性眼内炎，专家共识[58]推荐IVI抗菌药物作为首选治疗方法，以快速提高药物浓度。对于眼部术后或外伤后的眼内炎，相关指南[46]推荐阿米卡星联合万古霉素IVI经验性治疗。莫西沙星IVI作为万古霉素和头孢他啶治疗细菌性眼内炎的辅助药物耐受性良好。使用这种组合与双联抗菌药物相比，具有扩大革兰阴性菌覆盖范围的优势和潜在的协同作用[59]。 2.3 抗真菌药物 真菌性眼内炎是一种非常严重的感染性眼病，通常与外伤、手术或全身性真菌感染有关，可导致患者视力丧失甚至破坏眼球。近年来，由于广谱抗菌药物和糖皮质激素的广泛应用，真菌性眼内炎的发病率呈明显上升趋势[60]。伏立康唑是一种新型的三唑类抗真菌药物，具有广谱的抗真菌活性，尤其对曲霉菌属和念珠菌属等多种真菌具有强大的抗菌作用。2006年KRAMER等[61]首次报道了伏立康唑IVI在曲霉菌性眼内炎中的应用。伏立康唑是用于IVI最广谱的抗真菌药物[62]，在真菌性眼内炎中表现出良好的疗效[63]。IVI伏立康唑和两性霉素B脂质体联合玻璃体切割术可以有效地治疗真菌性眼内炎，与两性霉素B脂质体相比，伏立康唑对治疗早期和中期的真菌性眼内炎效果更好[64]。研究[65]发现，IVI两性霉素B治疗真菌性眼内炎能够提高视功能，改善眼解剖结构和临床结局。 2.4 抗肿瘤药物 甲氨喋呤IVI已被证实是治疗多种眼内疾病的有效方法。ABDI等[66]对甲氨喋呤IVI在各种眼部疾病中的应用进行了综述，发现甲氨喋呤在眼内淋巴瘤和葡萄膜炎治疗中疗效良好。FRENKEL等[67]报道显示，甲氨喋呤可以作为眼内淋巴瘤的一线治疗选择。 3 总结与展望 IVI在眼科疾病的治疗中发挥了重要作用，但是也存在眼压升高和白内障等不良反应，频繁、反复地操作会增加不良反应的发生率。研究[68-69]认为传统药物（贝伐珠单抗、雷珠单抗和阿柏西普等）IVI对nAMD的疗效较好，但是注射频率较高，而新的抗VEGF药物能够通过延长药物半衰期或新的植入方式（雷珠单抗、康柏西普、brolucizumab和KSI-301等）来降低注射频率。为了提高治疗的安全性、有效性和经济性，有待开发给药间隔更长的药物以降低IVI频率，或开发新剂型，减少操作对眼部的损伤。未来期待更多生物类似药物上市，降低眼部疾病患者的治疗成本，进一步提高疗效。 参考文献  详见《中国临床药学杂志》 2025年第34卷第1期 文章信息源于公众号凡默谷，登载该文章目的为更广泛的传递行业信息，不代表赞同其观点或对其真实性负责。文章版权归原作者及原出处所有，文章内容仅供参考。本网拥有对此声明的最终解释权，若无意侵犯版权，请联系小编删除。 学如逆水行舟，不进则退； 心似平原走马，易放难收。 行舟Drug 每日更新 欢迎订阅+ 医药大数据|行业动态|政策解读