Xylometazoline Hydrochloride

“草长莺飞二月天，拂堤杨柳醉春烟”。春天，正是山花烂漫之时，孩子们都迫不及待走出家门拥抱春天。可是每当这时候，一些孩子却被“花粉过敏”折磨得苦不堪言，鼻涕喷嚏不断，严重的甚至会出现哮喘症状，呼吸困难。花粉过敏又叫花粉症、枯草热，是一种因吸入外界花粉抗原而引起的过敏性疾病，春季为高发期。花粉过敏是特应性体质患者被花粉致敏后引起的一系列的病理生理过程。花粉过敏为过敏科常见病，且发病率逐年上升，严重影响人类健康。主要表现为呼吸道和结膜的卡他性炎症，可伴有皮肤及其它器官的病变。常见过敏原花粉过敏的“元凶”是花粉，自然界的花粉传播主要分风媒和虫媒两种形式。虫媒花粉，如油菜花、桃花、梨花的花粉，靠蝴蝶或蜜蜂等昆虫传播，特点是花朵鲜艳，带有芳香或其他气味，花粉颗粒较大，花粉量不多，不易四处播散，通常不会引起过敏。风媒花粉，如柏树、杨树、柳树、桦树、梧桐等的花粉，特点是花型小，花粉含量高，质量较轻，可以随风飞到很远的地方，风媒花粉是主要过敏原。临床表现1、花粉过敏性鼻炎：主要表现为阵发性喷嚏、清水样涕、鼻痒和鼻塞等症状。2、花粉过敏性结膜炎：眼痒，眼睑肿，出现黏液性分泌物。3、花粉过敏性皮疹：皮肤、耳朵等处瘙痒，皮肤出现风疹块、红色斑丘疹、以及湿疹等。4、花粉过敏性哮喘：阵发性咳嗽、呼吸困难，有白色泡沫样黏痰，甚至出现呼吸困难。过敏性鼻炎常用药物治疗1、糖皮质激素（1）鼻用激素：是AR的一线治疗药物，临床推荐使用。鼻用激素分为第一代（包括布地奈德、曲安奈德、丙酸倍氯米松、氟尼缩松）和第二代（包括糠酸莫米松、丙酸氟替卡松、糠酸氟替卡松、倍他米松、环索奈德），与第一代鼻用激素相比，第二代鼻用激素具有高亲脂性、与受体结合力强、抗炎活性更强、生物利用度低等特点。   对于轻度AR和中‑重度间歇性AR，疗程不少于2周；对于中‑重度持续性AR是首选药物，疗程4周以上。由于AR存在黏膜最轻炎症持续状态，持续治疗或者最低维持剂量持续治疗对病情的长期控制效果明显优于间断治疗。一般不推荐在妊娠期和哺乳期使用鼻用激素。（2）口服糖皮质激素：是AR的二线治疗药物，临床需要慎重和酌情使用。对于症状严重难以控制的AR可考虑短期口服糖皮质激素。用法用量：剂量按患者体重计算（以泼尼松为例，剂量为0.5~1.0mg/kg），早晨顿服，疗程4~7d。注意全身使用糖皮质激素的不良反应，避免用于儿童、老年人以及有糖皮质激素使用禁忌证的患者。2、抗组胺药（1）口服抗组胺药：第二代抗组胺药为AR的一线治疗药物，可常规用于老年AR患者。这类药物起效快速，作用持续时间较长，能明显缓解鼻部症状特别是鼻痒、喷嚏和流涕，对合并眼部症状也有效，但对改善鼻塞的效果有限。用法用量：一般每天只需用药1次，疗程不少于2周。对花粉过敏的患者，推荐在致敏花粉播散前进行预防性治疗，有利于症状控制，并根据花粉播散时间以及对症状产生的影响而决定疗程。口服抗组胺药罕见发生心脏毒性作用，但应引起重视，临床表现为QT间期延长、尖端扭转型室性心动过速等严重心律失常，如阿司咪唑、特非那定禁止与大环内酯类抗生素、抗真菌药物、人类免疫缺陷病毒蛋白酶抑制剂及其他可潜在引起心律失常类药物合用。   部分第二代口服抗组胺药会加重酒精造成的认知和精神运动障碍，所以用药期间需作好患者健康教育。（2）鼻用抗组胺药：是AR的一线治疗药物，其疗效相当于或优于第二代口服抗组胺药，特别是对鼻塞症状的缓解。用法用量：一般每天用药2次，疗程不少于2周。对第二代口服抗组胺药不能有效控制症状的中‑重度季节性AR患者，单独采用氮卓斯汀鼻喷剂治疗2周可明显改善鼻部症状3、肥大细胞膜稳定剂肥大细胞膜稳定剂为AR的二线治疗药物，临床酌情使用。4、减充血剂减充血剂局部应用于鼻腔时，可减轻鼻腔黏膜充血、肿胀状态，迅速缓解鼻塞。减充血剂有两种，第一种为非选择性受体激动的拟交感胺类，包括肾上腺素和麻黄碱等，可以同时兴奋α和β肾上腺素能受体，全身及局部不良反应较明显；第二种为选择性受体激动的半拟交感胺类（咪唑啉衍生物类），包括羟甲唑啉、赛洛唑啉、萘甲唑啉等，是目前常用的鼻腔减充血剂。减充血剂使用不当可致药物性鼻炎。5、抗胆碱能药鼻用抗胆碱能药为AR的二线治疗药物，可控制流涕症状。6、鼻腔盐水冲洗鼻腔盐水冲洗是一种安全、方便、价廉的治疗方法，通常用于鼻腔和鼻窦炎性疾病的辅助治疗，具有稀释黏液、改善黏液纤毛清除功能、减轻黏膜水肿和减少鼻腔鼻窦中的过敏原负荷等作用。   目前在临床使用的鼻腔冲洗装置和方法主要有鼻腔灌洗、喷液和雾化等，冲洗液包括生理盐水、深海盐水和高渗盐水等种类。鼻腔冲洗可作为妊娠期AR的替代疗法。          参考文献：中国变应性鼻炎诊断和治疗指南（2022版）              撰文 | Anna.An编辑 | Swagpp● 接种217针新冠疫苗，身体会发生什么？柳叶刀：全球接种最多的“免疫系统竟一切正常！● 远离女性，寿命更长？最新研究：只要感知到雌性的气味，就会增加雄性的死亡率以及生殖衰老● 泪目！一25岁专硕规培生，在医院内割颈自杀！遗书疑曝光：我好累，熬不下去了，这个世界再也不见！血泪教训，规培生绝不能是廉价劳动力版权说明：梅斯医学（MedSci）是国内领先的医学科研与学术服务平台，致力于医疗质量的改进，为临床实践提供智慧、精准的决策支持，让医生与患者受益。欢迎个人转发至朋友圈，谢绝媒体或机构未经授权以任何形式转载至其他平台。点击下方「阅读原文」 立刻下载梅斯医学APP！

More than three in five (63%) people in the UK experience barriers to health inclusionPeople in UK, Canada and France face the longest waiting times to see a GPHealth inclusivity scores fall worldwide with addition of lived experience data in Economist Impact’s Health Inclusivity Index, supported by Haleon - exposing glaring policy-practice gap in wealthy countries LONDON, Nov. 20, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- More than three in five (63%) people in the UK experience health exclusion according to phase two of the Economist Impact’s Health Inclusivity Index, released today. The Index - which measures the extent and experience of health inclusion across 40 countries and 42,000 people worldwide - reveals that the UK’s score has fallen by 13% this year, slipping from first to third place in the global rankings. Phase two of the Index, supported by consumer health company Haleon, identifies lack of available appointments; inconvenient hours; distance and cost of travel; and lack of trust in healthcare services as the most widely reported barriers globally. In the UK, while healthcare services are widely available, with only 9% saying they’ve been denied access to services versus 19% of people globally, the data shows that significant barriers remain. The Index, which this year includes the lived experience of global populations, reveals that only in Canada and France do people have to wait longer to see a GP than in the UK. Just a third of people (35%) in the UK, France (34%) and Canada (31%) say they could see a doctor within 24 hours, compared with 88% of people in Turkey, 87% of people in Rwanda and two-thirds of people (67%) globally. Nearly one in five in the UK (17%) say they would have to wait longer than a week to see their GP versus 7% globally. ​ This barrier to healthcare accessibility is mirrored across the UK’s healthcare landscape with fewer than a quarter of people in the UK (23%) saying they can access dental services within 24 hours –versus 56% globally – while only 24% of people in the UK state they can access sexual health services within this timeframe (compared with 51% globally). The UK is not alone in falling down the Health Inclusivity Index rankings as the inclusion of lived experience data in phase two of the Index has seen health inclusivity scores deteriorate across 85% of the countries surveyed, with all but one country scoring below 80 out of 100. The declining scores year-on-year expose a gap between governments’ ambitions of delivering inclusive health policies and systems and the reality of people’s experience of them. High-income countries display the largest gaps, with an average 18-point difference between their scores on inclusive health policies and experience. Sarah McDonald, VP Sustainability and Social Impact, Haleon, said: “These latest findings reveal the inclusive health ambitions of many of the world’s wealthiest countries are out of step with the reality of their citizens and there is a policy-practice gap that needs to be addressed. In the UK, while healthcare services are widely available, people are struggling to access them creating significant barriers to health inclusion and resulting in the UK’s fall down the Index this year. “Everyone has the right to live in good health for as long as possible - irrespective of age, gender, race, ethnicity, sexuality or disability. We’ll be using this latest data to engage policymakers globally to advocate for greater health inclusion.” In common with last year’s findings, phase two of the Index concludes that empowering people and communities to have greater agency over their own health is a key driver of inclusion. Low-and-middle income countries outperform wealthier countries in this area due to their focus on community-based services, self-care and health literacy programmes. In the UK, the Health Inclusivity index reveals that only half of people (50%) say that virtual or telehealth services are available versus 74% in Australia and 72% in Sweden, and 48% globally - so the expansion of these services may be something that could help address the accessibility challenges. The Index also highlights where people in the UK think they can access useful and trustworthy information about health, with both pharmacists and government websites scoring highly. Pharmacists are most likely to be trusted to provide useful and trustworthy information about health by the Canadians (75%), French (72%), the British (70%) and South Africans (70%). These findings are supported by NHS England’s recent acknowledgement of the vital role pharmacies can play in helping to reduce waiting times and to relieve pressure on GPs by expanding the services they can offer patients - a move anticipated to free up 15 million appointments. People in the UK also place very high levels of trust in the health information available on government websites, such as the NHS website. Nearly two-thirds (62%) say they can access useful and trustworthy sources versus 43% globally, and more than any other country worldwide. ​ Jonathan Birdwell, Global Head of Policy and Insights, Economist Impact, said: “Measuring a country’s ability to provide quality healthcare involves evaluating its policy but also its population’s ability to use their healthcare services. That’s why we are pleased to add these lived-experience indicators to Economist Impact’s Health Inclusivity Index. The results of this phase of the Index show that high-income countries still have a lot of improvements to make if they are to effectively turn their policy into action.” Under phase two of the Health Inclusivity Index, Australia achieves the highest score, followed by Sweden, UK, USA, France, Israel, Canada, South Korea, Germany, Switzerland and Thailand. The full findings of the Index can be found here: https://impact-economist-com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/projects/health-inclusivity-index Notes to Editors: About Haleon and Health Inclusivity Haleon’s social impact goal is to empower millions of people a year to be more included in opportunities for better everyday health – with the company aiming to reach 50 million people a year by 2025. During 2022, we empowered more than 22.4 million people. We have identified three key barriers to health inclusivity that Haleon is well placed to help address, which are: • health literacy; • healthcare accessibility; and • bias & prejudice Examples of Haleon’s efforts to break down barriers to health inclusivity include: Health Literacy: Our Caltrate calcium supplement brand in China has run several initiatives to raise awareness of the risks of osteoporosis and how to actively prevent and manage it. This includes working with Health Professionals to reach more consumers through online education, in-person outreach and bone density tests. Healthcare Accessibility: To help make our brands more accessible, we have collaborated with Microsoft on expanding the functionality of their Seeing AI app for Haleon products. Seeing AI is a free mobile app that scans the information on product labels and reads it out loud. Consumers can scan the barcode on UK and US Haleon products and hear crucial information such as name, ingredients, and usage instructions. Bias and Prejudice: The Advil Pain Equity Project is a long-term commitment to champion equitable and accessible pain relief in the United States, created by Advil and launched in partnership with Morehouse School of Medicine and BLKHLTH. The Advil Pain Equity Project's first campaign, Believe My Pain, is focused on illuminating the issue of pain inequity in Black communities. About Haleon Haleon (LSE / NYSE: HLN) is a global leader in consumer health, with a purpose to deliver better everyday health with humanity. Haleon’s product portfolio spans five major categories - Oral Health, Pain Relief, Respiratory Health, Digestive Health and Other, and Vitamins, Minerals and Supplements (VMS). Its long-standing brands - such as Advil, Sensodyne, Panadol, Voltaren, Theraflu, Otrivin, Polident, parodontax and Centrum - are built on trusted science, innovation and deep human understanding. For more information, please visit www.haleon.com About Economist Impact Economist Impact combines the rigour of a think-tank with the creativity of a media brand to engage a globally influential audience. We believe that evidence-based insights can open debate, broaden perspectives and catalyse progress. The services offered by Economist Impact previously existed within The Economist Group as separate entities, including EIU Thought Leadership, EIU Public Policy, Economist Events, El Studios and SignalNoise. Our track record spans 75 years across 205 countries. Along with creative storytelling, events expertise, designthinking solutions and market-leading media products, we produce framework design, benchmarking, economic and social impact analysis, forecasting and scenario modelling, Press Release making Economist Impact's offering unique in the marketplace. Visit www.economistimpact.com for more information Economist Impact Health Inclusivity Index Methodology The Health Inclusivity index is based on more than 42000 respondents in 40 countries. Economist Impact fielded a digital survey to 39,000 adults aged 18 and older in 39 of the 40 countries included in the Index between June and August 2023. Media Contacts: Haleon Media Contact: Gemma Thomas gemma.x.thomas@haleon.com +44 (0) 7721376006 Edelman Media Contact:Charlotte Chealcharlotte.cheal@edelman.com +44 (0) 7801 141626 A photo accompanying this announcement is available at https://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom/AttachmentNg/723b780a-602a-4324-a9d0-4349bfd32e05