Casimersen

CAMBRIDGE, Mass.--( BUSINESS WIRE )--Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. (NASDAQ:SRPT), the leader in precision genetic medicine for rare diseases, today reported financial results for the third quarter 2024. “ I am pleased to report another strong quarter of performance, as we posted $429.8 million in net product revenue for the third quarter, a 39% increase over the same quarter of the prior year. Reflecting our detailed preparation and track record of commercial execution, the launch of ELEVIDYS is proceeding to plan. ELEVIDYS net product revenue was $181.0 million in the quarter, exceeding prior guidance. If one includes royalty revenue generated on Roche’s ex-US sales of ELEVIDYS, total ELEVIDYS performance was $190.5 million for the quarter. Likewise, net product revenue for our three PMOs -- EXONDYS 51, VYONDYS 53, and AMONDYS 45 – performed well, achieving approximately $248.8 million in the quarter and, as anticipated, reflecting a lack of near-term cannibalization from the launch of ELEVIDYS,” said Doug Ingram, president and chief executive officer, Sarepta Therapeutics. “ At the same time, we have made important decisions regarding portfolio prioritization and have made great progress on our pipeline in the quarter. As examples, by mid-2025 we will have submitted a Biologics License Application for one and will be in clinical trials for two others of our Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy programs. Assuming success, these three therapeutic candidates will deliver our next wave of approved therapies as our multi-program platform advances productively.” Third Quarter 2024 and Recent Developments: Sarepta has made the decision to discontinue the SRP-5051 (vesleteplirsen) development program. This decision was informed by information available to date, including the risk-benefit of the program, feedback from the FDA, and the evolving therapeutic landscape for Duchenne. Presented new data from its neuromuscular portfolio at 2024 World Muscle Society Congress (WMS 2024): Among the multiple presentations from Sarepta at WMS 2024 were new safety and efficacy results from several studies in the SRP-9001 clinical development program. These data included: Skeletal muscle MRI data from Study 9001-301 EMBARK where multiple muscles from a subset of patients (n=39) were evaluated using MRI/MRS and MRI T2 signal prior to treatment and at 52 weeks post treatment. Across all measures, patients treated with SRP-9001 showed improvement over the placebo group with less accumulation of fat and fibrosis. The finding correlates with the functional outcomes in Part 1 of EMBARK which showed stabilization or slowing of disease progression in patients treated with SRP-9001 compared to placebo. Cardiac MRI data from EMBARK where an assessment of a subgroup of patients (n=19), found no negative effects on cardiac safety compared to placebo at 52 weeks and no differences in cardiac measures in SRP-9001-treated patients compared to the placebo group at one year. Sarepta plans for future longitudinal cardiac MRI studies to evaluate the long-term protection of cardiac muscle. Five-year functional results from Study SRP-9001-101, the longest-term data to date for a gene therapy in Duchenne. These patients, with an average age of 10 years at the time of the assessment, were stable or showed a slowing of disease progression with an increase in divergence from natural history over time as shown by an external control analysis. Notably this evaluation was conducted at an age when many Duchenne patients are entering the steep decline phase of the disease. The five-year results showed: A 9.8 point (p=0.0127) increase in change from baseline in the North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) total score to five years. At year five the sustained increase in NSAA total score was statistically significant and clinically meaningful when compared to an external control cohort. An 8.8 second decrease (p=0.0198) in time to rise from floor, change from baseline to five years. The improvement was statistically significant and clinically meaningful when compared to an external control cohort. Patients maintained their 10-meter walk test time throughout the five years. No new safety signals. Results from EMBARK study of delandistrogene moxeparvovec published in Nature Medicine : In early October, efficacy and safety results from Part 1 of the EMBARK study of delandistrogene moxeparvovec-rokl for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy were published in Nature Medicine . These published results demonstrate a treatment benefit with delandistrogene moxeparvovec that is clinically meaningful and similar regardless of age and a favorable risk-benefit profile. EMBARK, also known as Study SRP-9001-301, is a global, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 3 clinical study of delandistrogene moxeparvovec in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy between the ages of 4 through 7 years. Conference Call The event will be webcast live under the investor relations section of Sarepta's website at https://investorrelations.sarepta.com/events-presentations and following the event a replay will be archived there for one year. Interested parties participating by phone will need to register using this online form . After registering for dial-in details, all phone participants will receive an auto-generated e-mail containing a link to the dial-in number along with a personal PIN number to use to access the event by phone. Q3 2024 Financial Highlights 1 For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 QTD Change (in millions, except for per share amounts) $ % Total Revenues $ 467.2 $ 331.8 135.4 41 % Operating income (loss): GAAP $ 22.2 $ (20.8 ) 43.0 NM* Non-GAAP $ 74.9 $ 37.7 37.2 99 % Net income (loss): GAAP $ 33.6 $ (40.9 ) 74.5 NM* Non-GAAP $ 67.0 $ 31.5 35.5 113 % Diluted earnings (loss) per share: GAAP $ 0.34 $ (0.46 ) 0.80 NM* Non-GAAP $ 0.62 $ 0.31 0.31 99 % For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 YTD Change (in millions, except for per share amounts) $ % Total Revenues $ 1,243.6 $ 846.6 397.0 47 % Operating income (loss): GAAP $ 56.4 $ (292.4 ) 348.8 NM* Non-GAAP $ 216.5 $ (123.5 ) 340.0 NM* Net income (loss): GAAP $ 76.2 $ (581.6 ) 657.8 NM* Non-GAAP $ 191.9 $ (146.1 ) 338.0 NM* Diluted earnings (loss) per share: GAAP $ 0.78 $ (6.56 ) 7.34 NM* Non-GAAP $ 1.78 $ (1.65 ) 3.43 NM* *NM: not meaningful [1] For an explanation of our use of non-GAAP financial measures, please refer to the “Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section later in this press release and for a reconciliation of each non-GAAP financial measure to the most comparable GAAP measures, see the tables at the end of this press release. As of September 30, 2024 As of December 31, 2023 (in millions) Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and investments $ 1,395.8 $ 1,691.8 Revenues Total revenues increased by $135.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period of 2023. The increase primarily reflects the initial product launch of ELEVIDYS in June 2023 and expanded label in June 2024, partially offset by a $22.5 million decrease in the amortization of the single, combined performance obligation under our collaboration agreement with F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd. (“Roche”), which was fully amortized as of December 31, 2023. Total revenues increased by $397.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period of 2023. The increase primarily reflects the initial product launch of ELEVIDYS in June 2023 and expanded label in June 2024, as well as the $48.0 million of collaboration revenue recognized related to an option declined by Roche to acquire the ex-US rights to a certain external, early stage Duchenne-specific program, partially offset by a $66.8 million decrease in the amortization of the single, combined performance obligation under our collaboration agreement with Roche, which was fully amortized as of December 31, 2023. Additionally, included in total revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, is $37.4 million and $45.8 million, respectively, of contract manufacturing and other revenues associated with commercial ELEVIDYS supply delivered to Roche and royalty revenue received from Roche, with no similar activity for the same periods of 2023. Cost of sales (excluding amortization of in-licensed rights) Cost of sales (excluding amortization of in-license rights) increased by $54.7 million and $80.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared with the same periods of 2023. The increases in both periods primarily reflect the initial product launch of ELEVIDYS in June 2023 and expanded label in June 2024. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized $13.7 million and $15.4 million of cost of sales related to products sold to Roche under our collaboration agreement, with no similar activity for the same periods of 2023. Operating expenses and others Research and development expenses increased by $30.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the same period of 2023. The increase in research and development expense primarily reflects $55.4 million of costs associated with the termination of the development, commercial manufacturing and supply agreement (the “Thermo Agreement”) related to Brammer Bio MA, LLC, an affiliate of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. in August 2024, net of the reimbursable termination costs by Roche, partially offset by a decrease in clinical and manufacturing activity for our PPMO platform and Eteplirsen program. Research and development expenses decreased by $77.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the same period of 2023. The decrease in research and development expense primarily reflects capitalization of commercial batches of ELEVIDYS manufactured after its approval in June 2023, partially offset by $55.4 million of costs associated with the termination of the Thermo Agreement, net of the reimbursable termination costs by Roche. Non-GAAP research and development expenses increased by $35.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the same period of 2023. Non-GAAP research and development expenses decreased by $65.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the same period of 2023. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $7.3 million and $43.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the same periods of 2023. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses for both periods is primarily driven by professional services used to support the continued efforts to commercialize ELEVIDYS and ongoing litigation matters, the timing of charitable contributions, compensation due to changes in headcount, as well as the achievement of performance conditions related to certain Performance Stock Units. Non-GAAP selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $7.4 million and $40.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared with the same periods of 2023. For the three months ended September 30, 2024, other income (loss), net increased by $24.1 million, compared with the same period of 2023, which primarily reflects an impairment of a strategic investment during the three months ended September 30, 2023, with no similar activity in 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, other income (loss), net increased by $300.6 million compared with the same period of 2023, which primarily reflects a $387.3 million loss on debt extinguishment offset by a $102.0 million gain on the sale of a Priority Review Voucher (“PRV”) during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, with no similar activities in 2024. Income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, was approximately $0.4 million and $7.8 million, respectively. Income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, was approximately $12.8 million and $21.2 million, respectively. Income tax expense for all periods presented primarily relates to state, federal and foreign income taxes for which available tax losses or credits were not available to offset. Use of Non-GAAP Measures In addition to the GAAP financial measures set forth in this press release, we have included the following non-GAAP measurements: Non-GAAP income (loss) is defined by us as GAAP net income (loss) excluding interest income, net, depreciation and amortization expense, stock-based compensation expense, the estimated income tax impact of each pre-tax non-GAAP adjustment and other items. Non-GAAP earnings (loss) per share is defined by us as non-GAAP net income (loss), as defined previously, divided by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock and dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding. The non-GAAP earnings per share is calculated using diluted shares whereas the non-GAAP net loss per share is calculated using basic shares as all other instruments are anti-dilutive. Non-GAAP operating income (loss) is defined by us as GAAP operating income (loss) excluding depreciation and amortization expense, stock-based compensation expense and other items. Non-GAAP research and development expenses are defined by us as GAAP research and development expenses excluding depreciation and amortization expense, stock-based compensation expense and other items. Non-GAAP selling, general and administrative expenses are defined by us as GAAP selling, general and administrative expenses excluding depreciation expense, stock-based compensation expense and other items. The following components are used to adjust our GAAP financial measures into the previously defined non-GAAP measurements: Interest, depreciation and amortization - Interest income, net amounts can vary substantially from period to period due to changes in cash and debt balances and interest rates driven by market conditions outside of our operations. Depreciation expense can vary substantially from period to period as the purchases of property and equipment may vary significantly from period to period and without any direct correlation to our operating performance. Amortization expense primarily associated with patent costs are amortized over a period of several years after acquisition or patent application or renewal. Stock-based compensation expenses - Stock-based compensation expenses represent non-cash charges related to equity awards we have granted. Although these are recurring charges to operations, we believe the measurement of these amounts can vary substantially from period to period and depend significantly on factors that are not a direct consequence of operating performance that is within our control. Therefore, we believe that excluding these charges facilitates comparisons of our operational performance in different periods. Other items - We evaluate other items of expense and income on an individual basis. We take into consideration quantitative and qualitative characteristics of each item, including (a) nature, (b) whether the items relate to our ongoing business operations, and (c) whether we expect the items to continue or occur on a regular basis. These other items include impairment of strategic investments, change in fair value of derivatives, gain from sale of the PRV and loss on debt extinguishment and may include other items that fit the above characteristics in the future. We exclude from our non-GAAP results: The impairment of any strategic investments as it is a non-cash item and is not considered to be a normal operating expense due to the variability of amount and lack of predictability as to the occurrence and/or timing of such impairments. The loss on debt extinguishment, which is considered to be an infrequent and non-cash event as it is associated with a distinct financing decision and is not indicative of the performance of our core operations, which accordingly, would make it difficult to compare our results to peer companies that also provide non-GAAP disclosures. The gain from sale of the PRV obtained as a result of the FDA accelerated approval of ELEVIDYS in June 2023 as it is a non-recurring event. The change in fair value of derivatives related to 1.) regulatory-related contingent payments meeting the definition of a derivative to Myonexus selling shareholders as well as to an academic institution under a separate license agreement and 2.) the derivative asset associated with capped call options for our $570.0 million aggregate principal amount of senior convertible notes due on November 15, 2024, as these are non-cash items and are not considered to be normal operating expenses due to the variability of amounts and lack of predictability as to occurrence and/or timing. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2023, amortization of in-licensed rights (formerly included within depreciation and amortization expense) and income tax (benefit) expense are no longer excluded from the non-GAAP results. We now include the income tax effect of adjustments, which represents the estimated income tax impact of each pre-tax non-GAAP adjustment based on the applicable effective income tax rate. Non-GAAP financial results for the for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 have been updated to reflect this change for comparability. We use these non-GAAP measures as key performance measures for the purpose of evaluating operational performance and cash requirements internally. We also believe these non-GAAP measures increase comparability of period-to-period results and are useful to investors as they provide a similar basis for evaluating our performance as is applied by management. These non-GAAP measures are not intended to be considered in isolation or to replace the presentation of our financial results in accordance with GAAP. Use of the terms non-GAAP research and development expenses, non-GAAP selling, general and administrative expenses, non-GAAP other income and loss adjustments, non-GAAP operating income (loss), non-GAAP net income (loss), and non-GAAP diluted net earnings (loss) per share may differ from similar measures reported by other companies, which may limit comparability, and are not based on any comprehensive set of accounting rules or principles. All relevant non-GAAP measures are reconciled from their respective GAAP measures in the attached table “ Reconciliation of GAAP Financial Measures to Non-GAAP Financial Measures.” About EXONDYS 51 EXONDYS 51 uses Sarepta’s proprietary phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) chemistry and exon-skipping technology to bind to exon 51 of dystrophin pre-mRNA, resulting in exclusion, or “skipping”, of this exon during mRNA processing in patients with genetic mutations that are amenable to exon 51 skipping. Exon skipping is intended to allow for production of an internally truncated dystrophin protein. EXONDYS 51 is indicated for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in patients who have a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene that is amenable to exon 51 skipping. This indication is approved under accelerated approval based on an increase in dystrophin in skeletal muscle observed in some patients treated with EXONDYS 51. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification of a clinical benefit in confirmatory trials. EXONDYS 51 has met the full statutory standards for safety and effectiveness and as such is not considered investigational or experimental. Important Safety Information About EXONDYS 51 Hypersensitivity reactions, including bronchospasm, chest pain, cough, tachycardia, and urticaria have occurred in patients who were treated with EXONDYS 51. If a hypersensitivity reaction occurs, institute appropriate medical treatment and consider slowing the infusion or interrupting the EXONDYS 51 therapy. Adverse reactions in DMD patients (N=8) treated with EXONDYS 51 30 mg or 50 mg/kg/week by intravenous (IV) infusion with an incidence of at least 25% more than placebo (N=4) (Study 1, 24 weeks) were (EXONDYS 51, placebo): balance disorder (38%, 0%), vomiting (38%, 0%) and contact dermatitis (25%, 0%). The most common adverse reactions were balance disorder and vomiting. Because of the small numbers of patients, these represent crude frequencies that may not reflect the frequencies observed in practice. The 50 mg/kg once weekly dosing regimen of EXONDYS 51 is not recommended. The most common adverse reactions from observational clinical studies (N=163) seen in greater than 10% of patients were headache, cough, rash, and vomiting. Other adverse events may occur. To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. at 1-888-SAREPTA (1-888-727-3782) or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch . For further information, please see the full Prescribing Information . About VYONDYS 53 VYONDYS 53 (golodirsen) uses Sarepta’s proprietary phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) chemistry and exon-skipping technology to bind to exon 53 of dystrophin pre-mRNA, resulting in exclusion, or “skipping,” of this exon during mRNA processing in patients with genetic mutations that are amenable to exon 53 skipping. Exon skipping is intended to allow for production of an internally truncated dystrophin protein. VYONDYS 53 is indicated for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in patients who have a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene that is amenable to exon 53 skipping. This indication is approved under accelerated approval based on an increase in dystrophin production in skeletal muscle observed in patients treated with VYONDYS 53. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification of a clinical benefit in confirmatory trials. VYONDYS 53 has met the full statutory standards for safety and effectiveness and as such is not considered investigational or experimental. Important Safety Information for VYONDYS 53 CONTRAINDICATIONS: VYONDYS 53 is contraindicated in patients with a serious hypersensitivity reaction to golodirsen or to any of the inactive ingredients in VYONDYS 53. Anaphylaxis has occurred in patients receiving VYONDYS 53. WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Hypersensitivity Reactions : Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, rash, pyrexia, pruritus, urticaria, dermatitis, and skin exfoliation have occurred in VYONDYS 53-treated patients, some requiring treatment. If a hypersensitivity reaction occurs, institute appropriate medical treatment and consider slowing the infusion, interrupting, or discontinuing the VYONDYS 53 therapy and monitor until the condition resolves. VYONDYS 53 is contraindicated in patients with a history of a serious hypersensitivity reaction to golodirsen or to any of the inactive ingredients in VYONDYS 53. Kidney Toxicity: Kidney toxicity was observed in animals who received golodirsen. Although kidney toxicity was not observed in the clinical studies with VYONDYS 53, the clinical experience with VYONDYS 53 is limited, and kidney toxicity, including potentially fatal glomerulonephritis, has been observed after administration of some antisense oligonucleotides. Kidney function should be monitored in patients taking VYONDYS 53. Because of the effect of reduced skeletal muscle mass on creatinine measurements, creatinine may not be a reliable measure of kidney function in DMD patients. Serum cystatin C, urine dipstick, and urine protein- to-creatinine ratio should be measured before starting VYONDYS 53. Consider also measuring glomerular filtration rate using an exogenous filtration marker before starting VYONDYS 53. During treatment, monitor urine dipstick every month, and serum cystatin C and urine protein-to- creatinine ratio every three months. Only urine expected to be free of excreted VYONDYS 53 should be used for monitoring of urine protein. Urine obtained on the day of VYONDYS 53 infusion prior to the infusion, or urine obtained at least 48 hours after the most recent infusion, may be used. Alternatively, use a laboratory test that does not use the reagent pyrogallol red, as this reagent has the potential to cross react with any VYONDYS 53 that is excreted in the urine and thus lead to a false positive result for urine protein. If a persistent increase in serum cystatin C or proteinuria is detected, refer to a pediatric nephrologist for further evaluation. ADVERSE REACTIONS: Adverse reactions observed in at least 20% of treated patients and greater than placebo were (VYONDYS 53, placebo): headache (41%, 10%), pyrexia (41%, 14%), fall (29%, 19%), abdominal pain (27%, 10%), nasopharyngitis (27%, 14%), cough (27%, 19%), vomiting (27%, 19%), and nausea (20%, 10%). Other adverse reactions that occurred at a frequency greater than 5% of VYONDYS 53-treated patients and at a greater frequency than placebo were: administration site pain, back pain, pain, diarrhea, dizziness, ligament sprain, contusion, influenza, oropharyngeal pain, rhinitis, skin abrasion, ear infection, seasonal allergy, tachycardia, catheter site related reaction, constipation, and fracture. Other adverse events may occur. To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. at 1-888-SAREPTA (1-888-727-3782) or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch . For further information, please see the full Prescribing Information . About AMONDYS 45 AMONDYS 45 (casimersen) uses Sarepta’s proprietary phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) chemistry and exon-skipping technology to bind to exon 45 of dystrophin pre-mRNA, resulting in exclusion, or “skipping,” of this exon during mRNA processing in patients with genetic mutations that are amenable to exon 45 skipping. Exon skipping is intended to allow for production of an internally truncated dystrophin protein. AMONDYS 45 is indicated for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in patients who have a confirmed mutation of the DMD gene that is amenable to exon 45 skipping. This indication is approved under accelerated approval based on an increase in dystrophin production in skeletal muscle observed in patients treated with AMONDYS 45. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification of a clinical benefit in confirmatory trials. AMONDYS 45 has met the full statutory standards for safety and effectiveness and as such is not considered investigational or experimental. Important Safety Information for AMONDYS 45 CONTRAINDICATIONS : AMONDYS 45 is contraindicated in patients with a known serious hypersensitivity to casimersen or any of the inactive ingredients in AMONDYS 45. Instances of hypersensitivity including angioedema and anaphylaxis have occurred. WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity reactions, including angioedema and anaphylaxis, have occurred in patients who were treated with AMONDYS 45. If a hypersensitivity reaction occurs, institute appropriate medical treatment, and consider slowing the infusion, interrupting, or discontinuing the AMONDYS 45 infusion and monitor until the condition resolves. AMONDYS 45 is contraindicated in patients with known serious hypersensitivity to casimersen or to any of the inactive ingredients in AMONDYS 45. Kidney Toxicity : Kidney toxicity was observed in animals who received casimersen. Although kidney toxicity was not observed in the clinical studies with AMONDYS 45, kidney toxicity, including potentially fatal glomerulonephritis, has been observed after administration of some antisense oligonucleotides. Kidney function should be monitored in patients taking AMONDYS 45. Because of the effect of reduced skeletal muscle mass on creatinine measurements, creatinine may not be a reliable measure of kidney function in DMD patients. Serum cystatin C, urine dipstick, and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio should be measured before starting AMONDYS 45. Consider also measuring glomerular filtration rate using an exogenous filtration marker before starting AMONDYS 45. During treatment, monitor urine dipstick every month, and serum cystatin C and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR) every three months. Only urine expected to be free of excreted AMONDYS 45 should be used for monitoring of urine protein. Urine obtained on the day of AMONDYS 45 infusion prior to the infusion, or urine obtained at least 48 hours after the most recent infusion, may be used. Alternatively, use a laboratory test that does not use the reagent pyrogallol red, as this reagent has the potential to cross react with any AMONDYS 45 that is excreted in the urine and thus lead to a false positive result for urine protein. If a persistent increase in serum cystatin C or proteinuria is detected, refer to a pediatric nephrologist for further evaluation. Adverse Reactions: Adverse reactions occurring in at least 20% of patients treated with AMONDYS 45 and at least 5% more frequently than in the placebo group were (AMONDYS 45, placebo): upper respiratory infections (65%, 55%), cough (33%, 26%), pyrexia (33%, 23%), headache (32%, 19%), arthralgia (21%, 10%), and oropharyngeal pain (21%, 7%). Other adverse reactions that occurred in at least 10% of patients treated with AMONDYS 45 and at least 5% more frequently than in the placebo group were: ear pain, nausea, ear infection, post-traumatic pain, and dizziness and light-headedness. Other adverse events may occur. To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. at 1-888-SAREPTA (1-888-727-3782) or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch . For further information, please see the full Prescribing Information . About ELEVIDYS (delandistrogene moxeparvovec-rokl) ELEVIDYS (delandistrogene moxeparvovec-rokl) is a single-dose, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene transfer therapy for intravenous infusion designed to address the underlying genetic cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy – mutations or changes in the DMD gene that result in the lack of dystrophin protein – through the delivery of a transgene that codes for the targeted production of ELEVIDYS micro-dystrophin in skeletal muscle. ELEVIDYS is indicated for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in individuals at least 4 years of age. For patients who are ambulatory and have a confirmed mutation in the DMD gene For patients who are non-ambulatory and have a confirmed mutation in the DMD gene. The DMD indication in non-ambulatory patients is approved under accelerated approval based on expression of ELEVIDYS micro-dystrophin (noted hereafter as “micro-dystrophin”) in skeletal muscle. Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in a confirmatory trial(s). IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION CONTRAINDICATION: ELEVIDYS is contraindicated in patients with any deletion in exon 8 and/or exon 9 in the DMD gene. WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS: Infusion-related Reactions: Infusion-related reactions, including hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis, have occurred during or up to several hours following ELEVIDYS administration. Closely monitor patients during administration and for at least 3 hours after the end of infusion. If symptoms of infusion-related reactions occur, slow, or stop the infusion and give appropriate treatment. Once symptoms resolve, the infusion may be restarted at a lower rate. ELEVIDYS should be administered in a setting where treatment for infusion-related reactions is immediately available. Discontinue infusion for anaphylaxis. Acute Serious Liver Injury: Acute serious liver injury has been observed with ELEVIDYS, and administration may result in elevations of liver enzymes (such as GGT, GLDH, ALT, AST) or total bilirubin, typically seen within 8 weeks. Patients with preexisting liver impairment, chronic hepatic condition, or acute liver disease (e.g., acute hepatic viral infection) may be at higher risk of acute serious liver injury. Postpone ELEVIDYS administration in patients with acute liver disease until resolved or controlled. Prior to ELEVIDYS administration, perform liver enzyme test and monitor liver function (clinical exam, GGT, and total bilirubin) weekly for the first 3 months following ELEVIDYS infusion. Continue monitoring if clinically indicated, until results are unremarkable (normal clinical exam, GGT, and total bilirubin levels return to near baseline levels). Systemic corticosteroid treatment is recommended for patients before and after ELEVIDYS infusion. Adjust corticosteroid regimen when indicated. If acute serious liver injury is suspected, consultation with a specialist is recommended. Immune-mediated Myositis: In clinical trials, immune-mediated myositis has been observed approximately 1 month following ELEVIDYS infusion in patients with deletion mutations involving exon 8 and/or exon 9 in the DMD gene. Symptoms of severe muscle weakness, including dysphagia, dyspnea, and hypophonia, were observed. Limited data are available for ELEVIDYS treatment in patients with mutations in the DMD gene in exons 1 to 17 and/or exons 59 to 71. Patients with deletions in these regions may be at risk for a severe immune-mediated myositis reaction. Advise patients to contact a physician immediately if they experience any unexplained increased muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness, including dysphagia, dyspnea, or hypophonia, as these may be symptoms of myositis. Consider additional immunomodulatory treatment (immunosuppressants [e.g., calcineurin-inhibitor] in addition to corticosteroids) based on patient’s clinical presentation and medical history if these symptoms occur. Myocarditis : Acute serious myocarditis and troponin-I elevations have been observed following ELEVIDYS infusion in clinical trials. If a patient experiences myocarditis, those with pre-existing left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) impairment may be at higher risk of adverse outcomes. Monitor troponin-I before ELEVIDYS infusion and weekly for the first month following infusion and continue monitoring if clinically indicated. More frequent monitoring may be warranted in the presence of cardiac symptoms, such as chest pain or shortness of breath. Advise patients to contact a physician immediately if they experience cardiac symptoms. Preexisting Immunity against AAVrh74: In AAV-vector based gene therapies, preexisting anti-AAV antibodies may impede transgene expression at desired therapeutic levels. Following treatment with ELEVIDYS, all patients developed anti-AAVrh74 antibodies. Perform baseline testing for presence of anti-AAVrh74 total binding antibodies prior to ELEVIDYS administration. ELEVIDYS administration is not recommended in patients with elevated anti-AAVrh74 total binding antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:400. Adverse Reactions: The most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥5%) reported in clinical studies were vomiting, nausea, liver injury, pyrexia, and thrombocytopenia. Report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit www.fda.gov/medwatch or call 1-800-FDA-1088. You may also report side effects to Sarepta Therapeutics at 1-888-SAREPTA (1-888-727-3782). For further information, please see the full Prescribing Information . About Sarepta Therapeutics Sarepta is on an urgent mission: engineer precision genetic medicine for rare diseases that devastate lives and cut futures short. We hold leadership positions in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs), and we currently have more than 40 programs in various stages of development. Our vast pipeline is driven by our multi-platform Precision Genetic Medicine Engine in gene therapy, RNA and gene editing. For more information, please visit www.sarepta.com or follow us on LinkedIn , X (formerly Twitter) , Instagram and Facebook . Forward-Looking Statements In order to provide Sarepta’s investors with an understanding of its current results and future prospects, this press release contains statements that are forward-looking. Any statements contained in this press release that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. Words such as “believes,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “expects,” “will,” “may,” “intends,” “prepares,” “looks,” “potential,” “possible” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements include statements relating to our future operations, financial performance and projections, business plans, market opportunities, priorities and research and development programs and technologies; the potential benefits of our technologies and scientific approaches, including the potential benefits of SRP-9003; and expected milestones and plans, including our expectation that by mid-2025 we will have submitted a Biologics License Application for one, and will be in clinical trials for two others, of our Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy programs. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond Sarepta’s control. Actual results could materially differ from those stated or implied by these forward-looking statements as a result of such risks and uncertainties. Known risk factors include the following: success in preclinical and clinical trials, especially if based on a small patient sample, does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and the results of future research may not be consistent with past positive results or may fail to meet regulatory approval requirements for the safety and efficacy of product candidates; we may not be able to comply with all FDA post-approval commitments and requirements with respect to our products in a timely manner or at all; certain programs may never advance in the clinic or may be discontinued for a number of reasons, including regulators imposing a clinical hold and us suspending or terminating clinical research or trials; if the actual number of patients suffering from the diseases we aim to treat is smaller than estimated, our revenue and ability to achieve profitability may be adversely affected; we may not be able to execute on our business plans, including meeting our expected or planned regulatory milestones and timelines, research and clinical development plans, and bringing our product candidates to market, for various reasons, some of which may be outside of our control, including possible limitations of company financial and other resources, manufacturing limitations that may not be anticipated or resolved for in a timely manner, and regulatory, court or agency decisions, such as decisions by the United States Patent and Trademark Office with respect to patents that cover our product candidates; and those risks identified under the heading “Risk Factors” in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, and our most recent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as well as other SEC filings made by the Company which you are encouraged to review. Internet Posting of Information We routinely post information that may be important to investors in the 'Investors' section of our website at www.sarepta.com . We encourage investors and potential investors to consult our website regularly for important information about us. Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) (unaudited, in thousands, except per share amounts) For the Three Months Ended September 30, For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 2024 2023 Revenues: Products, net $ 429,771 $ 309,322 $ 1,149,803 $ 779,805 Collaboration and other 37,401 22,495 93,764 66,750 Total revenues 467,172 331,817 1,243,567 846,555 Cost and expenses: Cost of sales (excluding amortization of in-licensed rights) 91,691 37,026 186,795 106,167 Research and development 224,483 194,301 604,569 681,870 Selling, general and administrative 128,200 120,893 393,999 350,171 Amortization of in-licensed rights 602 439 1,804 796 Total cost and expenses 444,976 352,659 1,187,167 1,139,004 Operating income (loss) 22,196 (20,842 ) 56,400 (292,449 ) Other income (loss), net: Other income (expense), net 11,810 (12,332 ) 32,631 17,309 Gain from sale of Priority Review Voucher — — — 102,000 Loss on debt extinguishment — — — (387,329 ) Total other income (loss), net 11,810 (12,332 ) 32,631 (268,020 ) Income (loss) before income tax expense 34,006 (33,174 ) 89,031 (560,469 ) Income tax expense 395 7,763 12,841 21,163 Net income (loss) $ 33,611 $ (40,937 ) $ 76,190 $ (581,632 ) Earnings (loss) per share: Basic $ 0.35 $ (0.46 ) $ 0.80 $ (6.56 ) Diluted $ 0.34 $ (0.46 ) $ 0.78 $ (6.56 ) Weighted average number of shares of common stock used in computing earnings (loss) per share: Basic 95,390 88,889 94,669 88,609 Diluted 100,448 88,889 99,572 88,609 Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. Reconciliation of GAAP Financial Measures to Non-GAAP Financial Measures (unaudited, in thousands, except per share amounts) For the Three Months Ended September 30, For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 2024 2023 GAAP net income (loss) $ 33,611 $ (40,937 ) $ 76,190 $ (581,632 ) Interest income, net (13,415 ) (17,593 ) (43,156 ) (46,565 ) Depreciation and amortization expense* 9,204 10,489 25,465 32,229 Stock-based compensation expense 43,450 48,061 134,624 136,688 Change in fair value of derivatives (1,535 ) 2,000 8,565 1,200 Gain from sale of Priority Review Voucher — — — (102,000 ) Loss on debt extinguishment — — — 387,329 Impairment of strategic investments — 27,500 — 27,821 Income tax effect of adjustments** (4,300 ) 1,992 (9,772 ) (1,197 ) Non-GAAP net income (loss)** $ 67,015 $ 31,512 $ 191,916 $ (146,127 ) GAAP net earnings (loss) per share - diluted: $ 0.34 $ (0.46 ) $ 0.78 $ (6.56 ) Add: impact of GAAP to Non-GAAP adjustments $ 0.28 $ 0.77 $ 1.00 $ 4.91 Non-GAAP net earnings (loss) per share - diluted*** $ 0.62 $ 0.31 $ 1.78 $ (1.65 ) Weighted average number of shares of common stock used in computing diluted earnings (loss) per share:**** GAAP 100,448 88,889 99,572 88,609 Non-GAAP 108,548 101,722 107,672 88,609 *Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2023, depreciation and amortization excludes amortization of in-licensed rights. Non-GAAP financial results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, have been updated to reflect this change for comparability. **Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2023, income tax (benefit) expense is no longer excluded from the non-GAAP results. We have replaced this metric with income tax effect of adjustments, which represents the estimated income tax impact of each pre-tax non-GAAP adjustment based on the applicable statutory income tax rate. Refer below for a reconciliation of effective tax rates. Non-GAAP financial results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, have been updated to reflect this change for comparability. ***Non-GAAP earnings per share is calculated using diluted shares whereas non-GAAP net loss per share is calculated using basic shares as all other instruments are anti-dilutive. There was a $0.04 impact to the calculation of non-GAAP net earnings per share as a result of the inclusion of diluted shares for the three months ended September 30, 2023. ****The difference between the weighted average number of shares of common stock used in computing diluted GAAP and non-GAAP earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, is a result of the exclusion of the potential share settlement of the 2027 Notes from the GAAP earnings per share as the inclusion of such shares was anti-dilutive. For the Three Months Ended September 30, For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 2024 2023 Total effective tax rate, GAAP 1.2 % (23.4 ) % 14.4 % (3.8 ) % Less: impact of GAAP to Non-GAAP adjustments 6.2 (16.7 ) (3.8 ) (24.4 ) Total effective tax rate, Non-GAAP 7.4 % (40.1 ) % 10.6 % (28.2 ) % Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. Reconciliation of GAAP Financial Measures to Non-GAAP Financial Measures (unaudited, in thousands) For the Three Months Ended September 30, For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 2024 2023 GAAP research and development expenses $ 224,483 $ 194,301 $ 604,569 $ 681,870 Stock-based compensation expense (18,034 ) (22,325 ) (54,113 ) (60,315 ) Depreciation and amortization expense (6,664 ) (8,109 ) (18,692 ) (24,794 ) Non-GAAP research and development expenses $ 199,785 $ 163,867 $ 531,764 $ 596,761 For the Three Months Ended September 30, For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 2024 2023 GAAP selling, general and administrative expenses $ 128,200 $ 120,893 $ 393,999 $ 350,171 Stock-based compensation expense (25,416 ) (25,736 ) (80,511 ) (76,373 ) Depreciation expense (2,540 ) (2,380 ) (6,773 ) (7,435 ) Non-GAAP selling, general and administrative expenses $ 100,244 $ 92,777 $ 306,715 $ 266,363 For the Three Months Ended September 30, For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 2023 2024 2023 GAAP operating income (loss) $ 22,196 $ (20,842 ) $ 56,400 $ (292,449 ) Stock-based compensation expense 43,450 48,061 134,624 136,688 Depreciation and amortization expense 9,204 10,489 25,465 32,229 Non-GAAP operating income (loss) $ 74,850 $ 37,708 $ 216,489 $ (123,532 ) Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited, in thousands, except share and per share data) As of September 30, 2024 As of December 31, 2023 Assets Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 197,855 $ 428,430 Short-term investments 1,000,534 1,247,820 Accounts receivable, net 434,524 400,327 Inventory 565,924 322,859 Manufacturing-related deposits and prepaids 321,055 102,181 Other current assets 165,477 77,714 Total current assets 2,685,369 2,579,331 Property and equipment, net 305,788 227,154 Right of use assets 140,898 129,952 Non-current inventory 202,550 191,368 Non-current investments 181,770 — Other non-current assets 83,559 136,771 Total assets $ 3,599,934 $ 3,264,576 Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity Current liabilities: Accounts payable $ 118,774 $ 164,918 Accrued expenses 344,830 314,997 Deferred revenue, current portion 127,001 50,416 Current portion of long-term debt 91,595 105,483 Other current liabilities 17,289 17,845 Total current liabilities 699,489 653,659 Long-term debt 1,135,965 1,132,515 Lease liabilities, net of current portion 170,009 140,965 Deferred revenue, net of current portion 325,000 437,000 Contingent consideration 47,400 38,100 Other non-current liabilities 1,000 3,000 Total liabilities 2,378,863 2,405,239 Stockholders’ equity: Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, 3,333,333 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding — — Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 198,000,000 shares authorized; 95,493,005 and 93,731,831 issued and outstanding at September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively 10 9 Additional paid-in capital 5,588,839 5,304,623 Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax 2,245 918 Accumulated deficit (4,370,023 ) (4,446,213 ) Total stockholders’ equity 1,221,071 859,337 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 3,599,934 $ 3,264,576 Source: Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc.

摘要：RNA分子的生产、修饰和细胞传递方面的最新进展促进了基于RNA的治疗学的扩展。对RNA生物学的不断深入理解也引发了RNA治疗学的相应增长。在这篇综述中，将讨论五类基于RNA的治疗学的一般概念，包括基于RNA干扰的疗法、反义寡核苷酸、小激活RNA疗法、环状RNA疗法和基于信使RNA的治疗学。此外，我们还提供了已经获得监管批准或目前正在临床试验中评估的基于RNA的治疗学的概述，以及这些技术面临的挑战。基于RNA的药物在临床试验中显示出积极的结果，并有能力解决以前“无法成药”的靶点，这为实现其全部临床潜力提供了巨大的希望，作为一种颠覆性的治疗技术。 1.  引言 从1961年发现信使RNA（mRNA）到2021年首个mRNA疫苗获批上市，已经过去了60年。在这60年的时间里，RNA领域发生了巨大的发展。1977年，Roberts和Sharp发现了RNA剪接，并因此获得了1993年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。1982年，Cech发现了四膜虫RNA的自剪接核酸酶，并与Altman共同获得了1989年的诺贝尔化学奖，因为他们的发现。这一发现为RNA领域翻开了新的一页，RNA分子被公认为具有复制和催化双重功能的生物分子。1993年，Ambros发现了第一个微小RNA（miRNA）; 1998年，Fire和Mello发现了RNA干扰（RNAi）现象，并获得了2006年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。RNAi成为了基因功能研究的重要工具，20年后，首个RNAi药物成功获批上市。1999年，Ramakrishnan、Steitz和Yonath完成了核糖体晶体结构，证明了核糖体作为一种核酸酶，并因此获得了2009年的诺贝尔化学奖。2011年，Charpentier和Doudna发现了CRISPR基因编辑技术，并因此获得了2020年的诺贝尔化学奖，揭示了sgRNA引导的DNA切割作为关键的基因治疗工具。RNA分子短短60年的历史产生了五个与RNA科学发现相关的诺贝尔奖，这突显了它在化学和生物领域的重要性，并强调了它作为一种不可替代的技术，将彻底改变医学。 基于RNA的药物主要分为两大类：（i）通过化学方法合成的寡核苷酸药物，如反义寡核苷酸（ASOs）、siRNAs（小干扰RNA）和RNA适体；（ii）通过体外转录合成的大分子RNA药物，如mRNA药物。全球近108种寡核苷酸药物进入临床管道，包括ASOs、siRNAs、适体、单导向RNA（sgRNAs）和miRNAs。此外，全球还有56种mRNA药物也进入临床管道。截至本文撰写之日，全球共有16种核酸药物获批上市，见表1。随着Biogen和Ionis开发的Nusinersen的推出，世界上首个治疗脊髓性肌肉萎缩症（SMA）的寡核苷酸药物出现，目前是销售额最高的寡核苷酸药物。 表1 全球上市的基于RNA的药物 由于大分子结构和负电荷，寡核苷酸药物容易被核糖核酸酶降解，难以穿透细胞膜，2008年至2013年因安全问题和递送系统问题而陷入低谷。药物递送在保护RNA结构、增加靶向能力、降低给药剂量和减少毒副作用方面起着至关重要的作用。随着关键递送系统的技术突破，寡核苷酸药物行业迎来了蓬勃发展。RNAi治疗是治疗遗传疾病和“无法成药”靶点的重要策略。siRNA和miRNA是有意义的基因沉默工具；四种siRNA药物候选已经获批，然而许多miRNA药物大多因安全问题而终止，只有五个候选药物继续进入临床开发，没有一个进入III期临床试验。siRNA和miRNA药物之间最大的区别是它们的作用机制。siRNAs是完全互补的靶向基因沉默序列，进入体内作用于特定的目标基因。相比之下，一个miRNA可以调节成百上千个基因，一个基因也可以被许多不同的miRNAs调节。因此，很难指定miRNA来调节一个特定的基因，并可能导致意想不到的副作用。只有解决miRNA药物的特异性问题，miRNA才能在临床环境中应用。 作为一种具有巨大潜力的技术平台，基于mRNA的治疗可用于传染病预防、肿瘤免疫治疗、蛋白质替代治疗，甚至基因编辑。mRNA的治疗途径可分为三类：预防性疫苗、治疗性疫苗和治疗药物。Pfizer和BioNTech开发的Comirnaty，以及Moderna开发的Spikevax，分别于2020年12月获得美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）的紧急使用授权，以预防由SARS-CoV-2引起的COVID-19。2021年，Comirnaty和Spikevax的销售额分别达到368亿美元和177亿美元。这两种疫苗在全球大流行病的预防中大放异彩，标志着mRNA技术正式进入商业化时代。 RNA分子长期以来被认为在细胞过程中发挥着重要作用，从基因调控和表达到酶促反应。RNA治疗学是一个迅速扩大的药物和治疗类别，从实验室到临床实践的速度前所未有。最初认为RNA分子由于其不稳定性和相对较短的半衰期，将是一种较差的治疗剂。然而，随着稳定化学的进步和对其瞬时特性的应用，RNA分子作为治疗剂在临床上显示出价值。在这里，我们简要回顾了五类基于RNA的治疗：（i）基于RNAi的治疗，（ii）ASO治疗，（iii）小激活RNA（saRNA）治疗，（iv）环状RNA（circRNA）治疗，和（v）基于mRNA的治疗，以及其在后期临床开发中的药物候选。有数百种寡核苷酸和mRNA药物候选正在进行发现和临床前开发，目前有超过150种寡核苷酸药物和mRNA治疗正在进行临床试验。2018年和2020年是RNAi和mRNA领域的里程碑，因为基于RNA的治疗获批上市。随着更多的RNA治疗正在开发中，RNA基础治疗的未来是光明的。 2.  RNAi基治疗 近几十年来，小非编码RNA的发现及其在基因调控中的作用彻底改变了RNA生物学领域。RNAi最初由Andrew Fire和Craig Mello描述，他们因对RNAi的贡献而获得了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。他们在秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)中发现了由外源RNA介导的基因沉默机制。像siRNA这样的小非编码RNA形成称为RNA诱导的沉默复合体(RISC)的复合物，它指导目标信使RNA(mRNA)的降解，如图1所示。RNAi的转录后基因沉默机制使其成为通过抑制基因的特定碱基序列来控制基因表达的强大工具，彻底改变了药物的发现和开发。 图1 siRNA生物生成的示意图，用于沉默目标mRNA。siRNA前体是一个双链RNA，可以由病毒、转座子或其他来源在内源或外源产生。前体被酶切割，以便正确装载Argonaute蛋白，并由一个双链RNA结合蛋白协助，这允许导向链与Argonaute结合，随后乘客链被排出。最后，沉默活动可以通过目标结合和切割发生。 鉴于RNAi的特异性和效力，许多基于RNAi的策略已经开发出来用于治疗目的，包括siRNA和miRNA治疗，它们在临床试验中作为医疗干预药物显示出有希望的结果。截至2021年底，已有四种RNAi药物获得欧洲委员会(EC)和FDA的批准和授权，为RNAi治疗的有效性和安全性提供了概念验证。siRNA和miRNA治疗的作用机制及其候选药物的例子将在讨论中。 3.  siRNA治疗 2018年，美国FDA和欧洲药品管理局(EMA)批准了patisiran(ONPATTRO; Alnylam Pharmaceuticals)，这是一种siRNA药物，用于治疗由遗传性转甲状腺素(hATTR)淀粉样变性引起的多发性神经病变的成年患者。这种siRNA药物是首个获批的基于RNAi的治疗药物，标志着RNAi治疗的新时代。目前，已有四种siRNA药物获批上市，还有许多正在进行临床试验，如表2所示。 表2 已批准上市或正在进行/已完成2期和3期临床试验的代表性siRNA药物列表 siRNA属于dsRNA类分子。顾名思义，siRNA的长度很短，大约为18到25个核苷酸(nt)，每个链的3'端有无两个悬出的磷酸化碱基。siRNA治疗的机制利用了其自然能力，即通过Argonaute 2(Ago2)的催化域切割完全互补的mRNA的特定序列。设计成模仿Dicer切割的合成siRNA，称为"Dicer-ready" siRNA，可以被传递到感兴趣的细胞并直接被Ago2-RISC复合物识别和装载，使其作为药物特别有吸引力。通过设计所需效力和特异性的siRNA序列针对目标mRNA，可以沉默疾病引起的mRNA。 最新获批用于治疗ASCVD和HeFH的siRNA药物inclisiran(LEQVIO; Novartis)，是一种首创的N-乙酰半乳糖胺(GalNac)修饰的siRNA共轭物，显示出显著降低血浆胆固醇水平。动脉粥样硬化被描述为一种慢性动脉炎症性疾病，导致慢性斑块积聚阻塞血管，导致狭窄和组织缺氧，是ASCVD的主要原因。动脉粥样硬化的发病机制复杂; 然而，已知它与增加的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c)水平有关。Inclisiran针对前蛋白转化酶枯草杆菌蛋白酶/半胱氨酸蛋白酶9型(PCSK9)的mRNA; PCSK9是一种与LDL受体(LDLR)结合的丝氨酸蛋白酶，调节胆固醇和细胞质载脂蛋白B(ApoB)，发现它增加了血浆LDL浓度。通过抑制PCSK9的产生，降低的PCSK9 mRNA表达减少了LDLR的降解，并增加了LDL的摄取，以降低LDL-c的浓度。 2期和3期临床试验显示了inclisiran在ASCVD和HeFH患者中的有希望的结果。ORION-9试验(NCT标识符：NCT033907121)招募了482名HeFH患者; ORION-10试验(NCT标识符：NCT03399370)在1561名ASCVD患者中进行; ORION-11试验(NCT标识符：NCT03400800)招募了1617名ASCVD或其风险等价物患者。在这些3期试验中，患者在第1天、第90天、第270天和第450天接受了1.5毫升皮下注射，注射了284毫克的inclisiran(相当于300毫克的inclisiran钠)。 所有3期研究报告说已经达到了他们的主要疗效终点。上述三项随机临床试验(RCT)的汇总分析显示，与安慰剂组相比，每年两次剂量的LDL-c总体降低了51%，并将主要不良心血管事件率降低了24%。此外，发现inclisiran降低了总胆固醇、ApoB和非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平。因此，inclisiran通过每年两次剂量抑制肝脏PCSK9的产生，有效降低LDL-c水平，并维持这种效果。 除了inclisiran的疗效外，其安全性同样可接受。三项RCT的安全性概况与之前的研究一致，并且没有与异常肝功能、肌酸激酶水平和血小板计数相关。与安慰剂相比，注射部位不良事件在使用inclisiran时报告得更频繁。尽管inclisiran的表现显示出LDL-c和PSCK9水平的显著降低，但另一项三项研究的荟萃分析观察到，在心肌梗死风险方面，使用inclisiran的患者与安慰剂相比没有统计学上的显著差异。总体而言，inclisiran通过每年两次剂量抑制肝脏PCSK9的产生，显著降低LDL-c水平，同时展现出理想的安全性概况。inclisiran及其前驱siRNA药物的成功展示了siRNA导向的RNAi治疗的有希望的未来。这也是第一个用于治疗常见慢性病的小核酸药物。 4.  miRNA治疗 miRNA治疗作为一种治疗不同疾病的新型治疗剂，因其在发育中的作用而开始出现。如前所述，miRNA和siRNA都是能够通过转录后基因沉默靶向mRNA的小双链RNA分子。然而，它们的生物合成和作用机制不同。miRNA的生物合成始于核内，其基因转录受到严格调控，如图2所示。miRNA双链——由处理过的pri-miRNA产生的结果——与RISC结合形成miRISC，由成熟的miRNA引导进行目标识别。与siRNA不同，miRNA通过部分互补碱基配对与目标mRNA结合，抑制mRNA翻译而不是目标mRNA的裂解。 图2 miRNA生物生成和作用机制的示意图。前体miRNA（pre-miRNA）由位于细胞核中的初级miRNA（pri-miRNA）产生，它由末端环和不匹配组成。pre-miRNA进入细胞质，由Dicer酶切割末端环，生成miRNA双链。随后的过程与siRNA的生物生成相似，其中RISC与其RNA双链形成，并装载到Argonaute上进行链的选择。最后，成熟的miRNA准备就绪，可以与目标mRNA结合并促进其降解。 miRNA治疗的应用有两种方法：miRNA抑制和miRNA替代。miRNA抑制利用合成的单链RNA类似物，与目标miRNA的活性链互补，并作为miRNA拮抗剂(也称为anti-miRs或antagomiRs)抑制内源性miRNA，这在结构上类似于反义寡核苷酸。Anti-miRs最初由Krützfeldt等人描述，其中这些化学修饰的、胆固醇结合的、与目标miRNA互补的寡核苷酸的静脉注射降低了小鼠中miR-16、miR-122、miR-192和miR-194的水平。后一种方法采用合成miRNA(也称为miRNA模拟物)来模拟目标miRNA的功能，促使mRNA抑制。 miRNA模拟物可以像化学修饰的siRNA一样使用，具有与目标miRNA相同的导向链，它们被装载到RISC上以抑制下游内源性miRNA。由于其与典型miRNA的相似性，miRNA模拟物可能作为癌症管理的治疗剂，因为肿瘤抑制miRNA在癌症发展中的作用。然而，miRNA模拟剂的传递仍然存在挑战。 miRNA治疗的出现尚未转化为医疗干预的批准药物候选。迄今为止，有几种miRNA分子正在进行临床试验。然而，没有进入3期试验。目前，Regulus和Genzyme(Sanofi)开发的lademirsen(RG-012)正在进行2期试验的患者招募(NCT标识符：NCT02855268)。Lademirsen是一种anti-miR药物候选物，通过皮下给药来沉默Alport综合征患者的microRNA-21(miR-21)的功能。Alport综合征是一种X连锁遗传疾病，其特征是由胶原蛋白IV基因突变引起的慢性肾病。Gomez等人的临床前研究发现，化学修饰的anti-miR-21寡核苷酸与磷酸硫酯键和修饰的糖单元增强了对miR-21的亲和力，并改善了Alport神经病变小鼠模型的生存率。关于lademirsen的临床数据在本次审查时尚未发布。 除了lademirsen的临床开发外，MiRagen Therapeutics(现为Viridian Therapeutics)开发的remlarsen(MRG-201)已完成2期试验，用于治疗瘢痕疙瘩患者(NCT标识符：NCT03601052)。Remlarsen是一种microRNA-29(miR-29)模拟物，旨在治疗病理性纤维化。miR-29家族被发现在纤维化调节途径中发挥作用，其中miR-29的表达水平在纤维化疾病中较低。Remlarsen模拟miR-29以抑制纤维化的形成，如皮肤纤维化。Gallant-Behm等人的研究总结了在健康志愿者中皮下给药的remlarsen的1期临床数据，该药物候选物减少了切口皮肤伤口中的胶原蛋白表达和纤维母细胞增生的发展。此外，该候选物在1期研究中所有研究剂量中被认为是安全且耐受性良好的。1期结果表明，remlarsen可能是预防皮肤纤维化的有效的治疗；然而，尚未发布的2期临床结果在有瘢痕疙瘩病史的患者中可能具有更重大的临床意义。尽管miRNA药物有大量的临床前研究，但只有少数miRNA药物候选物进入临床开发，50%的miRNA药物在临床开发阶段经历了终止或暂停。在开发miRNA药物候选物时面临挑战，例如确定不同疾病特定的miRNA靶标及其精确传递，同时避免进入细胞时的降解。 RNAi基治疗，如siRNA和miRNA治疗，是一个不断发展的领域，对许多疾病具有巨大的治疗前景。RNAi药物面临一些挑战，如内体逃逸和传递到非肝脏和非肾脏组织。尽管目前只有四种siRNA治疗获得了监管批准，但预计不久的将来会有更多的siRNA治疗出现。RNAi治疗提供的广泛的临床应用和安全性概况加强了其潜力。 5.  反义寡核苷酸治疗 1978年，Zamecnik和Stephenson利用与Rous肉瘤病毒目标序列互补的13个核苷酸长的反义寡核苷酸（ASO），在体外展示了病毒复制的抑制，这为ASO作为治疗手段的潜力打开了大门。自这一发现以来，寡核苷酸药物的开发取得了显著进展。ASO是短的单链且高度修饰的核酸类似物，旨在针对特定序列的RNA进行降解。如图3所示，ASO有几种作用机制。目标RNA通常是核内的前体mRNA（pre-mRNA），ASO与多聚腺苷酸识别位点结合，利用核糖核酸酶（RNase）H阻止多聚腺苷酸化；ASO也可以结合到细胞质中mRNA的翻译起始位点，以抑制翻译。 图3 ASO作用机制的示意图。A. 细胞质中的ASO与目标RNA结合，导致RNase H切割，引发目标mRNA降解。B. 细胞质中的ASO也可以结合到mRNA上，阻止RNA结合蛋白复合体的结合，抑制目标mRNA的翻译。C. ASO可以进入细胞核，通过结合并阻断剪接位点或外显子/内含子序列来调节剪接，这些可以通过核糖核蛋白(RNP)复合体催化，以跳过或包含目标外显子。 ASO的化学修饰对其作为治疗药物的转化至关重要，这有助于提高稳定性、特异性并减少不良反应。通常，ASO在两个修饰的2'糖的两个侧翼区域之间具有磷酸硫（PS）键，形成骨架。PS部分保护寡核苷酸不受外切酶的降解并提高稳定性。这种设计呈现了一个中心PS寡核苷酸间隙，赋予了“gapmer”的名称，当RNA-DNA双链形成时，可以激活RNase H1对目标RNA进行切割。此外，磷酸二胺吗啉寡核苷酸（PMOs）的修饰也在ASO中广泛使用，其中六元的吗啉环取代了五元的核糖呋喃糖，骨架通过磷酸二胺连接。这种修饰也稳定了PMO对抗核酸酶的能力，但最小化了对互补目标RNA亲和力的降低。此外，另一种ASO的设计是RNase H独立或仅占用途径，其设计为空间上的障碍，以空间上抑制或防止目标RNA的翻译或剪接。一些ASO药物已经获得了FDA和EMA的批准，如表3所示。迄今为止，已有九种基于ASO的药物获得批准，用于商业用途，所有这些药物都治疗罕见疾病。然而，目前正在开发的ASO显示出ASO平台的应用正在向治疗其他常见病迈进。 表3 已批准上市或正在进行/已完成3期临床试验的代表性反义寡核苷酸药物列表 最近获批的基于ASO的药物casimersen获得了美国FDA的加速批准，用于治疗杜氏肌营养不良症（DMD）。DMD是一种X连锁隐性退行性神经肌肉疾病，由DMD基因中的移码或无义突变引起，该基因编码肌营养不良蛋白，这些突变抑制了功能性肌营养不良蛋白的产生。Casimersen利用基于PMO的策略，引起DMD基因中第45个外显子的跳跃，以绕过移码突变，允许内部截断但部分功能性肌营养不良蛋白的产生。在其1/2期研究中，PMO药物候选物在DMD患者中耐受性良好，适合进行第45个外显子跳跃。3期ESSENCE试验（NCT标识符：NCT02500381）的中期结果显示，所有可评估的接受casimersen的患者都显示出第45个外显子跳跃的增加；然而，由于其样本量小和正在进行的3期ESSENCE试验，很难确定casimersen改善运动功能的能力。开发ASO基药物以治疗神经肌肉疾病的剩余挑战是ASO在肌肉组织中的分布和摄取不足。除了罕见疾病，心血管疾病也是ASO的目标领域。与siRNA治疗类似，ASO药物候选物也在开发中，用于治疗心血管疾病。Pelacarsen是一种首创的GalNAc结合PS ASO，它针对载脂蛋白(a)（apo(a)）的mRNA，使用RNase H1依赖性切割。脂蛋白(a)（Lp(a)）是一种含有ApoB和apo(a)的LDL样脂蛋白，通过二硫键连接，已发现与心血管疾病风险增加有关。在其2期研究（NCT标识符：NCT03070782）中，对286名已建立心血管疾病和增加Lp(a)水平的患者，Tsimikas等人观察到通过皮下给药pelacarsen后，Lp(a)水平剂量依赖性降低了35至80%，并具有良好的安全性概况。鉴于pelacarsen在2期研究中取得了有希望的结果，心血管疾病的ASO药物候选物正在进行3期临床试验（NCT标识符：NCT04023552）。反义技术的进步推动了ASO的发展，证明了基于ASO的药物是一种多功能且安全的治疗方法。大量治疗更常见疾病的ASO候选物正处于晚期临床开发阶段，这将在不久的将来产生有意义的结果。ASO需要克服一些现有的挑战，以扩大其临床应用，例如有效靶向传递到其他组织并减少在其他器官的非靶向积累。随着新型传递平台的发展，ASO治疗更常见疾病的前景是乐观的。 6.  小激活RNA治疗 小双链RNA家族还包括小激活RNA（saRNA），首次由Li等人和Janowski等人报道。研究人员发现，这些21个核苷酸长的双链RNA靶向特定基因启动子，诱导了基因转录激活，并被命名为RNA激活（RNAa）。这两项研究描述了由小双链RNA介导的基因表达诱导的自然现象。Li等人描述了设计的21个核苷酸长的双链RNA与E-钙粘蛋白、p21和VEGF（血管内皮生长因子）基因的启动子区域互补，以序列特异性方式诱导基因表达，并依赖于Ago2，类似于RNAi。Janowski等人展示了通过互补双链RNA靶向其启动子区域诱导孕激素受体表达。此外，RNAa已被证明在多种哺乳动物细胞中保守。RNAi和RNAa在分子机制上存在相似之处，如图4所示。在RNAa中，saRNA被装载到Ago2蛋白中，形成RNA诱导的转录激活（RITA）复合物。RITA复合物由saRNA/Ago2复合物、RNA解旋酶A和与RNA聚合酶相关的蛋白CTR9组成，与RNA Pol II相互作用，触发转录启动和有效的延伸。RNAa在其分子动力学、基因组靶向能力和激活核内目标基因转录延伸方面具有独特性。 图4 saRNA作用机制的示意图。引入的saRNA被装载到Ago2蛋白中，随后Ago2切割链选择形成saRNA/Ago2复合物，并被转运到细胞核。活性的RITA复合物目标并结合到基因组目标位点的启动子区域，并与RHA和CTR9结合，通过RNA聚合酶II（RNAP II）介导的转录活性。 RNAa的发现以及saRNA的作用为选择性基因激活研究提供了新的见解。此外，saRNA本身作为上调基因表达的新型治疗方式，在具有抑制性转录或翻译活性的疾病中提供了新的可能性。开发saRNA作为治疗药物有几个优点，包括低免疫原性和位点特异性基因转录激活；然而，其缺点，如对RNase降解敏感性和非靶向效应，也是关键的挑战。目前，几个saRNA药物候选物正在开发中，如表4所示。尽管大多数候选物仍处于临床前阶段，但MiNA Therapeutics开发的MTL-CEBPA已经进入2期，与蛋白激酶抑制剂索拉非尼联合治疗乙型或丙型肝炎感染的晚期肝细胞癌（HCC）患者（NCT标识符：NCT04710641）。 表4 临床开发中的代表性小激活RNA治疗候选药物列表 MTL-CEBPA是一种首创的saRNA寡核苷酸，具有2′-O-Me修饰，由SMARTICLES脂质体纳米粒子封装，并通过静脉注射给药，治疗HCC患者。转录因子C/EBP-a是一种亮氨酸拉链蛋白，通过与髓系基因的启动子区域结合，启动并激活髓系基因表达，已知与肝细胞调节相关。在小鼠肿瘤模型中，研究人员发现髓系来源的抑制细胞中C/EBP-a的下调；C/EBP-a的上调抑制了肝癌小鼠模型中的肿瘤生长。MTL-CEBPA旨在通过诱导CEBPA基因的转录来上调C/EBP-a。在与肝硬化、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎或肝转移相关的HCC患者中进行的MTL-CEBPA首次人体1期研究结果显示，saRNA药物候选物的安全性概况可接受，建议的初始剂量为130 mg m−2，并通过其药效学分析显示了目标参与。然而，其疗效概况有限：在24名可评估MTL-CEBPA单药疗效的患者中，只有1名患者观察到客观的肿瘤反应和部分反应。在7名患者中使用酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（索拉非尼、lenvatinib或regorafenib）治疗，观察到3名完全反应，2名病情稳定，1名部分反应。1期研究得出结论，MTL-CEBPA对HCC的预处理有助于为酪氨酸激酶抑制剂，如索拉非尼的治疗效应创造更易接受的肿瘤微环境。 除了2期的MTL-CEBPA加索拉非尼外，MiNA Therapeutics还在开发MTL-CEBPA与PD1检查点抑制剂pembrolizumab联合治疗晚期实体瘤患者，已进入1期（NCT标识符：NCT04105335）。 尽管MTL-CEBPA的1期临床结果有希望，但这种新型寡核苷酸治疗方式仍存在不确定性和挑战。在目标序列识别方面仍缺乏明确的机制理解；当涉及额外的DNA元素时，目标基因组的可访问性也不清楚。 7.  环状RNA治疗 除了前述的RNA治疗方法外，另一种新兴的RNA治疗因其显著的研究进展而受到关注。环状RNA（circRNA）是一类具有环状结构的非编码RNA，它们没有末端结构，例如5'帽和3'聚(A)尾部，主要存在于真核细胞中。1976年，Sanger等人首次在类病毒中发现circRNA，现在通过RNA测序发现circRNA在众多物种中高度保守。由于circRNA的环状特性，它们的稳定性可能优于线性RNA，因为它们能够抵抗各种RNA外切酶的降解。此外，Wesselhoeft等人证明了外源性circRNA的蛋白表达比未修饰和修饰的线性RNA持续时间更长。因此，鉴于它们的稳定性和在真核细胞中表达时无需修饰，circRNA为医学应用提供了有希望的应用前景。 与大多数线性RNA不同，circRNA的生物生成涉及外显子的反向剪接，通过共价键将下游的“尾部”（3'）连接到上游的“头部”（5'）。这种共价键的形成使circRNA具有自然能力，能够抵抗主要的RNA降解途径。鉴于circRNA的异常稳定性，其调控和周转在管理其丰度方面非常重要。最近，更多的研究阐明了circRNA的周转机制，其中特定的circRNA，如CDR1as，可以通过完全互补的miRNA结合，然后通过Ago2介导的切割来降解；响应病毒感染的RNase L也可以降解circRNA；高度结构化的circRNA可以通过结构介导的RNA降解来调节。也就是说，需要额外的研究来确定circRNA的分子途径。 与其他RNA治疗方法一样，circRNA作为调节基因表达或携带模块化效应的潜在治疗方法而出现。合成的circRNA已被成功地证明在真核细胞中具有强大且稳定的翻译。Wesselhoeft等人设计了自剪接的前体RNA，使用间隔序列优化了圆环化效率，并能够圆环化长达5 kb的各种长度的RNA。经过工程化的高效液相色谱（HPLC）纯化的circRNA发现，与对照组相比，其翻译效率高达97%。此外，这种纯化的circRNA可以逃避细胞RNA传感器，如Toll样受体和RIG-I，同时提供比未纯化的circRNA更稳定的蛋白表达。此外，circRNA也可以与LNP配制而成，以实现在小鼠和恒河猴中有效的体内传递和翻译。最近，Qu等人展示了一种针对SARS-CoV-2的circRNA疫苗，编码了三聚体RBD的刺突蛋白，为动物提供了足够的保护。此外，他们还展示了使用合成circRNA表达SARS-CoV-2中和抗体和hACE2诱饵来中和假病毒颗粒。 最后，工程化circRNA的另一个应用是RNA编辑，其中循环ADAR招募RNA被用来招募本地ADAR1或ADAR2酶，将特定的腺苷碱基改变为肌苷，以执行精确的内源性RNA编辑。除了工程化circRNA外，circRNA治疗的另一种方法是利用基于circRNA的适体，其中一种名为Tornado（twister优化的RNA，用于持久过表达）的表达系统执行RNA圆环化，并产生能够结合蛋白的RNA适体。尽管在circRNA的研究和应用方面取得了显著进展，但大多数候选物目前仍处于发现阶段或临床前开发阶段。截至本文撰写之日，尚无circRNA治疗候选物进入临床试验。circRNA提供了几种有希望的医学和研究应用，从治疗药物和蛋白替代疗法到预防性疫苗。还应注意，circRNA的另一种潜在治疗方法是使用其他方法（如CRISPR-Cas9或siRNA）调节本native circRNA，以及使用本native circRNA进行生物标记或海绵治疗各种疾病，包括癌症、心血管疾病和神经系统疾病。最后，开发合成circRNA作为治疗剂仍存在许多挑战，例如控制circRNA的表达水平以避免由于其异常稳定性而持续过度表达，大规模生产高纯度的人工circRNA，以及circRNA的靶向传递。因此，进一步的研究伴随着临床研究可能解决和克服这些挑战。尽管如此，从线性RNA治疗方法（如基于mRNA的治疗方法）中获得的理解可以转化为基于circRNA的治疗方法，并为开发circRNA作为治疗剂提供宝贵的见解。 8.  基于信使RNA的治疗 与前面描述的RNA不同，信使RNA（mRNA）是一种生命的关键分子，是一种与DNA反义链互补的单链RNA。顾名思义，mRNA是细胞核中编码蛋白质的DNA翻译和细胞质中蛋白质生产之间的信使。鉴于mRNA在作为分子生物学中心法则中介的蛋白质生产中的关键作用，为这一类新药开发了几种治疗策略，包括基于mRNA的疫苗和mRNA替代疗法。Wolff等人首次描述了在动物中成功引入体外转录（IVT）mRNA。在过去十年中，该领域取得了显著进展，使mRNA治疗成为治疗传染病和癌症等疾病的有希望的模式。 基于mRNA的治疗方法具有许多优势，例如相对较低的插入突变风险，以及在功能性方面无需进入细胞核。此外，mRNA的短暂性质为在需要时更临时地表达蛋白质提供了好处。通过将化学修饰的mRNA引入细胞的细胞质中，可以表达遗传疾病中减少或抑制的蛋白质，以类似于天然蛋白质的方式。此外，这种mRNA也可以用作预防性疫苗，在这种情况下，mRNA可以编码特定的外来抗原，以引发针对传染病的保护性免疫；或者作为治疗性疫苗，以启动免疫系统刺激细胞介导的反应，以靶向肿瘤。 8.1.  mRNA疫苗 疫苗接种预防疾病，是防止传染病传播最有效的公共卫生干预措施之一。疫苗的广泛使用导致了许多传染病的完全根除，并减少了全世界脊髓灰质炎、麻疹和其他疾病的发病率。在过去的几个世纪里，疫苗学随着传统疫苗方法的出现而发展，如减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗，为一系列疾病提供了持久的保护。尽管传统疫苗方法取得了进展，但在疫苗开发中仍存在挑战，以满足当前的医疗需求，如新出现的传染病病原体具有更好的能力来逃避适应性免疫反应或需求细胞免疫反应。此外，面对新出现的病毒，有必要采用能够快速开发和大规模生产并具有理想特性以广泛分发的疫苗方法。 还需要针对非传染病的疫苗，传统疫苗方法可能不适用。因此，开发更具适应性和效力的疫苗平台至关重要。最近在mRNA疫苗方面的进展，如mRNA序列工程、大规模生产开发和有效的传递方法，进一步加速了该疫苗平台的开发。 9.  预防性疫苗 如前所述，mRNA疫苗可用于预防性或治疗性目的。mRNA设计、制造和传递方法的最新进展使mRNA疫苗成为传统方法的有吸引力的替代品。对于预防性目的，合成的mRNA编码抗原被传递到细胞质中，一旦表达，就能在不穿越核膜屏障的情况下引发免疫反应，如图5所示。有两种主要类型的体外转录（IVT）mRNA，它们都模仿内源mRNA结构：非复制型mRNA和自增强型mRNA。前者结构包括5'帽、5'非翻译区（UTR）、编码抗原的开放阅读框、3'UTR和聚A尾部；自增强型mRNA还包含病毒复制机制，如复制酶基因，以表达依赖RNA的RNA聚合酶，这允许细胞内RNA扩增和充足的抗原表达。 图5 mRNA疫苗作用机制的示意图。mRNA疫苗包含脂质纳米颗粒(LNP)包裹的mRNA序列（绿色），通过肌肉注射进行注射。封装的mRNA编码感兴趣的抗原（蓝色），被肌肉细胞摄取并在细胞的细胞质中表达。内源性产生的抗原被分泌并运送到局部淋巴结，这刺激了细胞介导的免疫和体液免疫，如分化的B细胞分泌抗体（紫色）。mRNA疫苗方法通过主动免疫提供保护，而不包含实际病毒或细菌的部分。 从DNA模板转录的mRNA携带遗传信息，指导细胞内蛋白、膜蛋白和细胞外蛋白的翻译和生产。同样，mRNA疫苗的核心原则是传递编码信息，如抗原蛋白，以在细胞内翻译。从而有效激活细胞免疫和体液免疫，如图6所示。 图6 mRNA疫苗在抗原呈递细胞(APCs)中诱发免疫的示意图。APCs通过内吞作用摄取mRNA疫苗后，mRNA在核糖体中被翻译成抗原肽，并刺激细胞免疫反应。蛋白酶体复合物将抗原肽处理成更小的肽表位，这些表位可以通过主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)I类或II类呈现在细胞表面，具体取决于APC的类型。MHC I类呈现的表位被CD8+细胞毒性T细胞识别，以激活并杀死感染细胞。MHC II类呈现的表位被CD4+辅助T细胞识别，这些细胞促进B细胞的激活和中和抗体的产生，并通过吞噬细胞启动体液免疫反应。 除了与内源mRNA的相似性外，mRNA疫苗还能表达复杂的抗原，没有包装限制。利用基因序列信息的无细胞制造过程允许快速、可扩展的生产，以迅速应对任何新出现的传染病。经过多年的mRNA治疗研究和投资，解决了其药理学方面的许多挑战，如稳定性和效力。 随着2020年1月严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）大流行的爆发及其完整基因组的发布，对SARS-CoV-2的有效疫苗的开发竞赛开始了。结果，针对SARS-CoV-2开发了多种疫苗，包括几种基于RNA的疫苗，如表5所示。Moderna开发的Spikevax和Pfizer及BioNTech开发的Comirnaty迅速获得了FDA的紧急使用授权（EUA）和EMA的条件性市场授权（CMA）。目前，只有Comirnaty获得了FDA的批准。这些mRNA疫苗展示了它们高效力和理想的安全性概况，以前所未有的速度被开发和施用。此外，这些疫苗的开发验证了基于mRNA的平台，并激发了对mRNA治疗应用的巨大吸引力。 表5 针对COVID-19的基于RNA的疫苗在临床试验中或已批准的列表 2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）是由SARS-CoV-2病毒引起的一种高度传染性的病毒感染性疾病，已导致全球健康危机，对世界造成了灾难性影响。为了应对全球大流行，辉瑞和BioNTech开发的Comirnaty（BNT162b2或Tozinameran）是首个获得FDA批准的用于预防性指示的mRNA疫苗。Comirnaty疫苗是一种修饰的核苷酸mRNA，编码SARS-CoV-2的刺突（S）蛋白，并由脂质纳米颗粒包裹，允许S抗原的表达。SARS-CoV-2 S蛋白是一种I型融合糖蛋白，是病毒的主要表面蛋白和中和抗体的主要靶标。S蛋白对病毒及其感染至关重要，因为它能够显著的结构重排，将病毒和宿主细胞的细胞膜融合，将其病毒基因组传递到目标宿主细胞进行感染。Comirnaty编码了SARS-CoV-2的前融合稳定和膜锚定的全长S蛋白，这保留了中和敏感表位，有效激发对S抗原的免疫反应 Comirnaty在临床试验中展现了高疫苗效力和良好的安全性。在其2/3期试验中，共有37,706名16岁以上的参与者接受了两次剂量为30微克的接种，两次接种间隔21天。在接种第一剂后，他们观察到对COVID-19有52%的疫苗效力，表明对疾病发作有初步保护作用；在接种第二剂后7天，对COVID-19的疫苗效力达到91%。总体而言，在这项2/3期试验中，所有参与者观察到95%的疫苗效力。此外，该研究还确认了其有利的安全性概况，其中反应原性事件，如疲劳、全身反应和淋巴结病，在出现几天内自行解决。在BNT162b2的早期1/2期研究中，评估了成年参与者的免疫原性，同样的剂量方案和时间表在参与者中引发了强劲的血清SARS-CoV-2中和滴度，在第二剂后7天，并在第二剂后一个月持续存在。最后，利用以色列大规模疫苗接种活动收集的数据进行的一项研究发现，接种两剂BNT162b2的3,159,136名参与者的结果显示与随机试验一致：预防有症状COVID-19的有效性为94%；预防住院的有效性为87%；预防严重COVID-19发作的有效性为92%。因此，mRNA疫苗BNT162b2证明了mRNA预防性疫苗作为一个有效的平台，以保护免受传染病的侵害，同时在反应原性和免疫原性之间显示出有利的平衡。 作为RNA病毒，SARS-CoV-2容易发生基因突变，使其进化，允许与野生型菌株相比具有不同属性的突变变种出现。对BNT162b2疫苗针对各种变种进行了多项初步研究，特别是对全球流行的高传染性B.1.617.2（Delta）和B.1.1.529（Omicron）变种。Tang等人通过匹配的测试阴性病例对照研究评估了BNT162b2针对Delta变种的实际效果，并得出结论，疫苗有效性降低至51.9%，防止有症状或无症状COVID-19。此外，Nemet等人的另一项初步实验室研究发现，两剂BNT162b2针对Delta和Omicron的中和效力显著降低，对这些变种的保护效力降低。需要注意的是，这些是初步结果，需要进一步研究以检查BNT162b2对特定变种的全面影响。也就是说，这些结果表明需要针对新出现的变种调整疫苗，这对于RNA基础的疫苗方法是可能的，因为它可以快速和可扩展地生产。除了COVID-19 mRNA疫苗外，还开发了针对其他传染病的mRNA疫苗，如呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、HIV-1、流感和寨卡病毒，这些疫苗已显示出有希望的临床前和临床结果。BNT162b2和mRNA-1273的批准和紧急授权为mRNA疫苗方法的安全性和效力提供了充分的证据，这加速了这种疫苗技术的发展，并为转变现代疫苗策略提供了乐观的前景。 10.  治疗性疫苗 除了mRNA预防性疫苗外，基于mRNA的疫苗还应用于癌症免疫疗法。mRNA癌症疫苗编码癌症抗原，如肿瘤相关自身抗原（TAA）或肿瘤特异性抗原（TSA），以诱导针对肿瘤的特异性T细胞反应，从而实现肿瘤排斥。基于mRNA的方法在癌症免疫疗法中具有优势，因为它具有抗原传递和表达能力，以及通过mRNA设计激活先天免疫的佐剂功能。基于mRNA的癌症疫苗有两种方法：mRNA树突状细胞（DC）疫苗和mRNA直接癌症疫苗。 基于mRNA的DC疫苗涉及将TAA加载到DCs中，因为DCs具有呈递TAA并启动针对肿瘤的强大效应反应的能力。DCs的体外操作需要从患者的血液中分离出的造血前体细胞，并将转染的细胞重新输注到患者体内，这提供了一种个性化的治疗策略，因为DCs是患者衍生的。然而，这个过程也可能是昂贵和劳动密集型的，同时增加了一层复杂性。顾名思义，后一种方法涉及直接注射编码肿瘤抗原的mRNA，可以被局部细胞摄取以进行抗原呈递。目前，有几个癌症疫苗候选物正在进行临床开发，如表6所示。 表6 目前正在进行或已完成2期或3期临床试验的代表性基于RNA的癌症疫苗列表 在Kyte等人（NCT标识符：NCT01278940）的1/2期研究中，用自体肿瘤mRNA转染的黑色素瘤DC疫苗单独或与佐剂白介素-2（IL-2）一起使用，报告说在31名晚期黑色素瘤患者中有16名患者的肿瘤特异性T细胞免疫反应与生存期改善相关，并且安全性可接受。在另一项2期研究（NCT标识符：NCT03480152）中，一种编码20种不同新抗原的mRNA直接癌症疫苗，由自体癌症表达，并与LNP配制而成，被用于四名转移性胃肠道癌症患者。这种疫苗候选物被发现是安全的，并且诱导了针对预测新表位的突变特异性T细胞反应，使用肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞；然而，由于患者数量有限，其临床疗效尚待确定。鉴于IVT mRNA技术的安全性、稳健性和相对较低的成本，使用mRNA疫苗的癌症免疫疗法的个性化是可能的，伴随着有希望的临床前数据和正在进行的临床试验。 除了预防性和治疗性mRNA疫苗外，LNP-mRNA技术最近在小鼠模型中用于短暂的抗纤维化嵌合抗原受体（CAR）T治疗。Rurik等人证明，含有修饰核苷的mRNA编码针对成纤维细胞激活蛋白（FAP）的CARs，与CD5靶向LNPs配制而成，也称为靶向抗体/LNP-mRNA载体，可以定向传递到CD5细胞以表达功能性CAR T细胞。FAP是在活跃的组织重塑和急性心肌梗死后损伤中表达的细胞表面糖蛋白。鉴于FAP在心脏成纤维细胞中的强烈表达，它是激活的心脏成纤维细胞的可行靶标和标记。在他们的一系列概念验证实验中，Rurik等人成功证明了封装在靶向LNPs中的修饰mRNA能够传递到特定细胞类型，在体内产生功能性工程化T细胞。此外，这种传递产生了短暂有效的抗纤维化CAR T细胞，表现出肌动蛋白吞噬作用。在高血压小鼠心脏损伤和纤维化模型中，58%的CD3+ T细胞是FAPCAR+，表明在CD5/LNP-FAPCAR注射的小鼠中成功转导了FAPCAR mRNA。最后，用CD5/LNP-FAPCAR治疗的小鼠显示出改善的心脏功能和减少的间质纤维化。通过针对特定细胞类型的LNPs，修饰mRNA治疗可能会扩大其应用范围，创造出一种可扩展且相对便宜的通用治疗的可能性，具有工程化免疫功能的能力。 10.1.  mRNA作为蛋白质替代疗法 体外转录（IVT）mRNA的另一个直接应用是蛋白质替代疗法，其中IVT mRNA编码所需的蛋白质，并在目标细胞中表达以实现治疗目的。因此，以蛋白质表达不足或异常蛋白质产生为特征的疾病，如遗传性疾病，可能从蛋白质替代疗法中受益。基于mRNA的蛋白质替代疗法的优势在于其能够表达几乎所有的蛋白质，包括分泌蛋白、细胞内蛋白和跨膜蛋白。蛋白质替代疗法的临床试验主要集中在遗传性代谢性疾病上，如表7所示。 表7 临床开发中的代表性基于mRNA的蛋白质替代疗法列表 在蛋白质替代疗法的临床研究中，由于其特征是必需酶的缺乏，导致酶的缺乏导致过量的代谢产物，从而产生临床表现，因此遗传性代谢性疾病是研究的重点。上述候选药物的临床数据尚未公布。因此，需要进一步证据来证明蛋白质替代疗法的安全性和有效性。除了代谢性疾病外，蛋白质替代治疗方法也被应用于血液疾病，如血友病A和B。Ramaswamy等人使用LNP配方的mRNA编码人凝血因子IX（hFIX）治疗血友病B的FIX缺陷小鼠模型，证明了他们的传递平台LUNAR在小鼠模型中的安全性和有效性；以及传递到肝脏的FIX蛋白的治疗产生。对于这种模式，仍然存在挑战，如传递方法。目前，mRNA蛋白质替代疗法的传递方法主要针对肝脏、肺和心脏。因此，需要进一步开发传递策略以传递到其他器官。 除了传递编码缺失或异常蛋白质的mRNA外，还开发了与单导向RNA（sgRNA）和编码CRISPR相关蛋白9（Cas9）的mRNA配伍的疗法。Cas9是一种相关的内切核酸酶，能够进行双链DNA断裂，并通过与导向RNA结合形成核糖核蛋白复合物。通过传递与目标基因互补的特定sgRNA以及Cas9 mRNA，可以通过Cas9对目标基因进行切割以实现基因沉默，从而实现体内基因编辑。多个药物候选物正在使用基于RNA的CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑策略进行临床开发，以治疗遗传性疾病。Intellia Therapeutics开发的NTLA-2001是一种基于CRISPR-Cas9的体内基因编辑疗法，目前正在1期临床试验（NCT标识符：NCT04601051）中用于治疗转甲状腺素（ATTR）淀粉样变性——一种罕见的、进行性的疾病，其特征是异常的转甲状腺素（TTR）蛋白的错误折叠积累。候选药物NTLA-2001由与目标TTR基因互补的sgRNA和Cas9蛋白的修饰mRNA序列配制而成，通过LNP传递到肝脏。临床前研究和首次人体中期临床数据分析显示，在动物模型和遗传性ATTR患者中血清TTR浓度降低，证明了TTR的持久靶向敲除。这些研究为体内基于RNA的CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑作为有希望的治疗策略提供了临床证据和概念验证。 在过去几年中，mRNA疫苗领域取得了关键进展，证实了基于mRNA的治疗的可行性。制造方法和传递材料的进步加速了mRNA治疗的发展。尽管基于mRNA的治疗的临床数据令人鼓舞，但仍需要针对特定细胞类型靶向的传递材料的挑战，以及需要进一步深入理解mRNA治疗的机制，以最小化不良事件并提高效力。 11.  结论和未来展望 RNA治疗学是一个迅速发展的领域，正在经历快速扩张。目前已有超过十五种基于RNA的治疗方法获得监管批准，更多的研究进入后期临床开发阶段。这个强大且多功能的平台能够解决当前治疗方法无法满足的许多医疗需求。由于RNA治疗的基本挑战，如传递、稳定性和免疫原性已得到解决，RNA药物的开发正在迅速增长。仍然有改进和优化的空间，如特定细胞类型的传递、提高内体逃逸和增强效力。 然而，RNA活性和传递平台的持续发现和增加的机制理解为RNA治疗的前景提供了乐观的展望。GalNAc-siRNAs和mRNA疫苗的最新成功，以及CRISPR的潜力，预示着RNA治疗学新时代的到来。