预约演示

更新于：2025-01-23

Codeine Sulfate

硫酸可待因

更新于：2025-01-23

概要

基本信息

简介可待因是一种小分子化合物，对位于中枢神经系统内的阿片受体发挥激动作用。这些受体结合具有产生一系列不同程度增强的药理学反响的后果，最显着的包括镇痛和镇静作用。总是，这种药物普遍用于治疗中度至重度疼痛，特别是在效果较差的非阿片类镇痛药无法发挥作用的临床情况下。由 Hikma Pharmaceuticals International Ltd. 构想和销售的可待因在 2009 年成功地获得了首个监管机构的认可。然而，尽管它被压倒性地接受为具有卓越地位的镇痛剂，但迅速求助于可待因并非没有其相关的缺点，特别是对随之而来的不良影响，尤其是呼吸抑制、便秘和成瘾。因此，它的处方仅限于那些替代止痛方式未能产生有利结果的情况。

药物类型

小分子化药

别名

Codeine sulfate (USP)、Codeine sulfate trihydrate

靶点

μ opioid receptor

作用机制

μ opioid receptor激动剂(μ-阿片受体激动剂)

治疗领域

神经系统疾病

在研适应症

疼痛

非在研适应症

操作性疼痛

原研机构

West-Ward Pharmaceutical Corp.

在研机构

Hikma Pharmaceuticals International Ltd.

非在研机构

Roxane Laboratories, Inc.

最高研发阶段批准上市

首次获批日期

美国 (2009-07-16),

疼痛

最高研发阶段(中国)-

特殊审评-

登录后查看时间轴

结构/序列

分子式C36H50N2O13S

InChIKeyBOLDZXRCJAJADM-AAXBYHQXSA-N

CAS号6854-40-6

查看全部结构式(3)

关联

项与硫酸可待因相关的临床试验

CTIS2024-512673-28-00

/ Recruiting临床4期

Double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over MRI study to evaluate the effect of naloxegol and codeine on gastrointestinal motility and volumes

开始日期2024-10-28

申办/合作机构

UZ Leuven

NCT03478423

/ TerminatedN/AIIT

A Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial of Opioid Analgesics for the Management of Acute Fracture Pain in Adults Discharged From the Emergency Department

Background: Emergency department (ED) providers are frequently challenged with how best to treat acute pain, specifically when non-opioid analgesics are insufficient or contraindicated. Studies have documented older patients presenting to the ED with painful conditions are less likely to receive pain medications than younger patients, and this inadequate pain control has been associated with increased risk of delirium and longer hospital stays. Given the concerns for drug interactions, adverse side effects, over-sedation and addiction; emergency physicians often report uncertainty regarding the ideal choice of opioid analgesic in older adults. There are no guidelines informing best practice for the management of acute pain in this population.
Objective: The primary objective is to compare the efficacy of codeine, oxycodone and hydromorphone for acute fracture pain in patients discharged from the ED.
Methods: This will be a blinded, randomized controlled trial of adults (age ≥ 18) discharged home from the ED with acute pain secondary to an upper extremity, lower extremity, rib, pelvic or vertebral compression fracture. Patients will be randomized to receive a 3-day supply of codeine, oxycodone or hydromorphone. Patients will also be given acetaminophen. Patients will be contacted by phone or email 3 days following their ED visit. The primary outcome will be differences in pain scores at 3 days assessed using the validated Brief Pain Inventory (Short Form). Secondary outcomes will include side effects (ie: confusion, constipation), adverse events (i.e, falls, healthcare visits) and pain interference with daily activity. Patients, physicians and all research staff will be blinded to group allocation.
Importance: All analgesics (including opioids) prescribed to adults are associated with an increased risk of adverse events. This study seeks to inform ED providers of opioid efficacy, side effects and patient-important, functional outcomes in this growing patient population.

开始日期2018-02-05

申办/合作机构

Mount Sinai Hospital (Canada)

NCT03173456

/ Completed临床2期IIT

Comparing the Efficacy of Five Oral Analgesics for Treatment of Acute Musculoskeletal Extremity Pain in the Emergency Department

This study compares the efficacy of five oral analgesics: 5 mg oxycodone + 325 mg acetaminophen, 5 mg hydrocodone + 300 mg acetaminophen, 30 mg codeine + 300 mg acetaminophen, 400 mg ibuprofen + 1000 mg acetaminophen, and 800 mg ibuprofen + 1000 mg acetaminophen for the treatment of patients with acute musculoskeletal pain who present to the Emergency Department (ED).

开始日期2017-11-28

申办/合作机构

Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Inc.

100 项与硫酸可待因相关的临床结果

登录后查看更多信息

100 项与硫酸可待因相关的转化医学

登录后查看更多信息

100 项与硫酸可待因相关的专利（医药）

登录后查看更多信息

5,887

项与硫酸可待因相关的文献（医药）

2025-02-01·Neuropharmacology

Sex differences in the antinociceptive effect of codeine and its peripheral but not central metabolism in adult mice

Article

作者: Gabel, Florian ; Simonneaux, Marine ; Andry, Virginie ; Goumon, Yannick ; Berkati, Abdel-Karim ; Hovhannisyan, Volodya

Codeine is a natural opiate extracted from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) and used to alleviate mild to moderate pain. The analgesic effect of this molecule results from its metabolism into morphine which is an agonist of the mu opioid receptor. Morphine's major metabolite morphine-3-glucuronide induces both thermal and mechanical hypersensitivies while codeine-6-glucuronide has been proposed to be antinociceptive. However, sex differences in codeine antinociceptive effect and pharmacokinetics were barely studied. To this purpose, we injected male and female mice with codeine (2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) and thermal hypersensitivity was assessed 30 min after injection using the Tail Immersion Test. Moreover, both peripheral and central metabolism of codeine were evaluated respectively in the blood or pain-related brain structures in the central nervous system. The amounts of codeine and its metabolites were quantified using the isotopic dilution method by liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. Our results show that codeine induces a greater antinociceptive effect in males than females mice independently of the estrous cycle. Moreover, major sex differences were found in the peripheral metabolism of this molecule, with higher amounts of pronociceptive morphine-3-glucuronide and less antinociceptive codeine-6-glucuronide in females than in males. Concerning the central metabolism of codeine, we did not find significant sex differences in pain-related brain structures. Collectively, these findings support a greater codeine antinociceptive effect in males than females in mice. These sex differences could be influenced by a higher peripheral metabolism of this molecule in female mice rather than central metabolism.

2025-01-01·Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica

Does cytochrome 2D6 genotype affect the analgesic efficacy of codeine after ambulatory surgery? Prospective trial in 987 adults

Article

作者: Poikola, Satu ; Niemi, Mikko ; von Plato, Hanna ; Harju, Jukka ; Kalso, Eija ; Mattila, Kristiina ; Olkkola, Klaus T. ; Kiiski, Johanna I. ; Kontinen, Vesa

AbstractBackgroundParacetamol–codeine combination tablet is widely used in pain management after day surgery. For safety reasons, its use has decreased in recent years. Codeine is a prodrug metabolised in the liver by the cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme to morphine that produces the analgesic effect of codeine. CYP2D6 is highly polymorphic, and based on genotypes, individuals can be divided into four categories: poor‐, intermediate‐, normal‐ and ultrarapid metabolisers. Differences in morphine and its metabolite concentrations have been described between different CYP2D6 genotypes following codeine administration. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible effect of CYP2D6 genotype on codeine efficacy and adverse effects in a large cohort of adult patients undergoing ambulatory surgery.MethodsA total of 987 patients scheduled for ambulatory surgery were included in the analyses. Operation types or anaesthesia methods were not limited in the study protocol. All study patients received a fixed dose of paracetamol (1000 mg) and codeine (60 mg) orally for premedication. A blood sample was drawn to identify the genotype of CYP2D6. At home, the first‐line analgesic was paracetamol–codeine combination of 1–2 tablets at 1–3 times per day. Data on the efficacy and side effects of codeine were collected on the day of surgery and the following two postoperative days.ResultsOf the studied patients, 37 (3.7%) were poor CYP2D6 metabolisers, 264 (27%) were intermediate, 623 (63%) were normal and 63 (6.4%) were ultrarapid metabolisers. Activity scores ranged from 0 to 4. CYP2D6 genotype was not associated in a statistically significant manner with postoperative pain, opioid consumption or the adverse effects of codeine, except for constipation at home. Poor CYP2D6 metabolisers reported significantly less severe constipation compared with normal metabolisers (p = .009, OR 0.40, 95% Cl 0.20–0.80).ConclusionCYP2D6 genotype appears to be of minor importance for the analgesic efficacy of oral paracetamol‐codeine combination therapy after ambulatory surgery in adult patients undergoing similar types of surgery as in the present study but it may affect the risk of constipation.

2025-01-01·Pain

Persistent opioid use after hospital admission due to trauma: a population-based cohort study

Article

作者: Frampton, Chris ; Jones, Peter ; Beyene, Kebede ; Yan Chan, Amy Hai ; Gong, Jiayi

AbstractPersistent opioid use (POU) is a common marker of harm related to opioid use after trauma. This study determined the incidence and risk factors for POU after hospitalisation due to trauma in New Zealand, among opioid-naïve patients. This was a population-based, retrospective cohort study, using linked data, involving all trauma patients of any age admitted to all NZ hospitals between 2007 and 2019. We included all patients who received opioids after discharge and were considered opioid naïve, defined as not having received opioids or not having a prior diagnosis of opioid-use disorder up to 365 days preceding the discharge date. The primary outcome was the incidence of POU defined as opioid use after discharge between 91 and 365 days. We used a multivariable logistic regression to identify independent risk factors for POU. A total of 177,200 patients were included in this study. Of these, 15.3% (n = 27,060) developed POU based on criteria used for the primary analysis, with sensitivity analyses showing POU incidence ranging from 14.3% to 0.8%. The opioid exposure risk factors associated with POU included switching between different opioids (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.51-2.73), prescribed multiple opioids (vs codeine, aOR 1.44; 95% CI 1.37-1.53), slow-release opioid formulations (aOR 1.32; 95% CI 1.26-1.39), and dispensed higher total doses of on the initial discharge prescription (aOR 1.26; 95% CI 1.20-1.33). Overall, 1 in 7 opioid-naïve patients who were exposed to opioids after trauma developed POU. Our findings highlight clinicians should be aware of these factors when continuing opioids on discharge.

项与硫酸可待因相关的新闻（医药）

2024-12-23

·PRNewswire

Penn Dental Medicine Pain Management Clinical Practice Guideline Among Top Trending Articles in 2024

PHILADELPHIA, Dec. 23, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- A pain management clinical practice guideline developed by Penn Dental Medicine's Center for Integrative Global Oral Health (CIGOH) is among The Journal of the American Dental Association (JADA)'s top five trending articles for 2024, according to JADA. Originally published in the September 2023 issue of JADA, the guideline for managing acute dental pain in children was developed by CIGOH, the American Dental Association Science and Research Institute (ADASRI), and the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine. Dr. Alonso Carrasco-Labra, Associate Professor and Director of the Cochrane Oral Health Collaborating Center at Penn Dental Medicine, and Olivia Urquhart, an epidemiologist and instructor within CIGOH, co-led its development. Endorsed by the ADA, the guideline notes that acetaminophen or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen are recommended as first-line treatments for managing short-term dental pain in children under age 12. A guideline panel determined that, when used as directed, acetaminophen alone, NSAIDs (like ibuprofen) alone or acetaminophen in combination with NSAIDS can effectively manage a child's pain after a tooth extraction or during a toothache when dental care is not immediately available. According to the guideline, when acetaminophen or NSAIDs are administered as directed by a dentist or other health care provider, the risk of harm to children from either medication is low. These recommendations align with previous guidance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2017, which contraindicated the use of codeine and tramadol in children under age 12. In 2020, the FDA awarded the University of Pittsburgh and ADASRI a $1.5 million grant to develop a clinical practice guideline for the management of acute pain in dentistry in children, adolescents and adults. A group of researchers and methodologists from ADASRI, the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, CIGOH, McMaster University and the Art of Democracy worked together to develop this pediatric patient guideline as well as one for adolescents, adults, and older adults, which published in February 2024. Both guidelines can be found at ada.org/painmanagement. Contact: Beth Adams, [email protected] SOURCE PENN DENTAL MEDICINE WANT YOUR COMPANY'S NEWS FEATURED ON PRNEWSWIRE.COM? 440k+ Newsrooms & Influencers 9k+ Digital Media Outlets 270k+ Journalists Opted In GET STARTED

2024-12-22

·蒲公英Ouryao

宣传「阿片类药物无害论」→罚款47亿！

来源：天下财经、新浪医药整理：清风近日，为了结在指导美国阿片类药物制造商如何提高销售方面的工作中涉及的刑事调查，麦肯锡咨询公司在弗吉尼亚州一家联邦法院签署了暂缓起诉协议，协议明确如果麦肯锡公司支付6.5亿美元，并在未来5年内遵守必要条件，包括不为受管制的药品和酒类等提供销售、营销和推广服务等，则可以避免遭到检方的刑事起诉。一、案件背景： 2001年，由普渡公司制作的处方止痛药——奥施康定在全美泛滥。奥施康定具有成瘾性，但普渡公司为了巨额利益，却在宣传上故意隐瞒这一点普渡公司宣传，奥施康定药效可以维持12小时，一天只需要服用两次。 2004年至2019年间，McKinsey与普渡制药在美国签订了75项不同的合同。其中，2013年 McKinsey为其制定Evolve to Excellence计划，通过多种方式提高该药物的销量，其中一个方式就是给处方医生进行电话轰炸，向这些医生宣扬奥施康定无成瘾性，让医生给本不需要止痛药的患者开该药物。 2023年12月29日，咨询公司麦肯锡向美国旧金山联邦法院提交拟议协议，同意支付7800万美元了结美国医疗保险公司和福利计划提出的索赔要求。麦肯锡被控为普渡制药、强生等药企提供销售分析和营销建议，助长阿片类药物流行。麦肯锡此前已支付超6亿美元解决美国各州检察长提出的阿片类药物诉讼，并在9月同意为地方政府和学区的索赔支付2.3亿美元。 2024年10月17日消息，咨询公司麦肯锡公司将与美国检方达成协议，支付超过5亿美元以解决长期存在的联邦调查问题，麦肯锡公司过去曾帮助阿片类药物制造商提高销售额，据称这导致了致命的成瘾流行病。 2024年12月13日消息，麦肯锡向美国弗吉尼亚州阿宾登联邦法院提交为期5年的暂缓起诉协议，同意支付6.5亿美元，以了结美司法部对其在指导阿片类药物生产商普渡制药如何提高销售额的工作中涉及的刑事调查。美国弗吉尼亚州西区联邦检察官克里斯托弗 · 卡瓦诺表示，这标志着第一次有管理咨询公司，因其提供的建议导致客户犯罪而被追究刑事责任，也标志着第一次有管理咨询公司，因其助长阿片类药物危机而被追究责任。麦肯锡咨询公司发表声明称，对自己为普渡制药提供服务“深感抱歉”。美联社报道称，麦肯锡曾为普渡制药服务15年，并在这段时间内提供了增加阿片类药物营收的策略，检方认为这助长了阿片类药物在美国的泛滥，美国疾控中心数据显示，2018年美国有7万人死于药物过量，到2023年猛增至11.2万人。二、关于麦肯锡麦肯锡公司是世界级领先的全球管理咨询公司，由美国芝加哥大学商学院教授詹姆斯·麦肯锡（James O’McKinsey）于1926年在美国创建。麦肯锡采取“公司一体”的合作伙伴关系制度，在全球44个国家有80多个分公司，共拥有7000多名咨询顾问。当地时间2023年12月29日，麦肯锡同意向美国保险公司支付7800万美元，了结阿片类药物相关索赔。三、关于阿片类药物管理阿片类止痛片是从阿片（罂粟）中提取的生物碱及体内外的衍生物，与中枢特异性受体相互作用，能缓解疼痛，产生幸福感。大剂量可导致木僵、昏迷和呼吸抑制。阿片类药物主要用于中到重度疼痛治疗，例如癌痛。癌痛治疗的临床经验表明，对一种阿片药发生耐受时，换用另一种药物可能在较低剂量时即达到理想的止痛作用，而副作用较小。阿片类镇痛药主要包括可待因、双氢可待因、氢吗啡酮、羟考酮、美沙酮、吗啡、芬太尼和哌替啶(度冷丁)等。反复使用阿片类物质将引起机体耐受成瘾，阿片类物质的成瘾的症状包括渴求、焦虑、心境恶劣、打哈欠、出汗、起鸡皮疙瘩、流泪、流涕、恶心或呕吐、腹泻、痛性痉挛、肌肉疼痛、发热和失眠等。使用吗啡类物质(如静脉使用)有许多躯体后果，包括乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎、HIV感染、败血症、心内膜炎、肺炎和肺脓肿、血栓性静脉炎及横纹肌溶解，同时心理和社会损害也很明显。据报告，近年来美国出现严重的芬太尼滥用危机，但其根源完全在于美国自身，特别是对阿片类处方药管制的放松。 2017年10月，美国时任总统特朗普针对芬太尼等阿片类药物滥用问题宣布全国进入公共卫生紧急状况。

专利无效

2024-11-26

·GlobeNewswire-Health Care

Intelligent Bio Solutions Achieves 94.1% Accuracy in Method Comparison Study, Following Positive PK Study Results

Intelligent Fingerprinting Drug Screening System on path to FDA 510(k) submission, expected in the fourth calendar quarter of 2024 INBS will include data from recent PK study alongside results of method comparison study in 510(k) submission NEW YORK, Nov. 26, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc. (Nasdaq: INBS) (“INBS” or the “Company”), a medical technology company delivering intelligent, rapid, non-invasive testing solutions, today announced the successful completion of its method comparison study (the “Method Study”) on its Intelligent Fingerprinting Drug Screening System (the “System”). The Method Study confirmed the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and usability of the System, validating its potential for use in workplace drug testing and other applications. This milestone follows INBS’ recently announced strong initial results from its Pharmacokinetic (PK) study, both of which are key achievements on the path to the Company’s FDA 510(k) submission. The Method Study was conducted in collaboration with CenExel, a nationwide clinical research site network. It adhered to clinical research standards, including Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines. The Method Study's primary objective was to compare the results of fingerprint sweat opiate screening tests with those obtained using a validated, traceable liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method in a laboratory. With a diverse group of 135 healthy donors and nine system operators, the Method Study demonstrated 82.2% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 94.1% accuracy for the Intelligent Fingerprinting Drug Screening System. Operators found the System easy to use, with no usage errors generated during the course of the study. “The results of our Method Study reaffirm the accuracy and reliability of our fingerprint-based drug screening system,” said Harry Simeonidis, President and CEO at Intelligent Bio Solutions. “By establishing alignment with laboratory-confirmed results through rigorous testing, we have solidified our drug screening system’s credibility for use in safety-critical industries and beyond. This accomplishment is a significant step on our journey toward transforming drug testing with non-invasive technology.” The Method Study evaluated the System’s three core components: the Drug Screening Cartridge, the Drug Screening Reader and the Fingerprint Collection Kit for laboratory analysis. Subjects were randomized and administered codeine doses, then provided fingerprint sweat specimens to assess the System's ability to detect and quantify drug use accurately. The Method Study’s outcomes highlight the System’s reliability, reinforcing its suitability for pre-employment and workplace drug testing applications. If FDA 510(k) clearance were obtained, INBS believes that this would pave the way for the Company to introduce its innovative fingerprint sweat-based drug screening technology to the US market in 2025. As part of the Company's 510(k) submission, which is expected in the fourth calendar quarter of this year, INBS will include data from its recently concluded PK study alongside the results of its Method Study. The Company's clinical study achievements show the accuracy, reliability, and usability of its technology and reinforce the Company's readiness to address the growing demand for drug testing in the US across safety-critical industries such as construction, mining, and transportation, as well as in the law enforcement, drug rehabilitation, and forensic sectors. About Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc. Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc. (NASDAQ: INBS) is a medical technology company delivering innovative, rapid, non-invasive testing solutions. The Company believes that its Intelligent Fingerprinting Drug Screening System will revolutionize portable testing through fingerprint sweat analysis, which has the potential for broader applications in additional fields. Designed as a hygienic and cost-effective system, the test screens for the recent use of drugs commonly found in the workplace, including opiates, cocaine, methamphetamine, and cannabis. With sample collection in seconds and results in under ten minutes, this technology would be a valuable tool for employers in safety-critical industries. The Company’s current customer segments outside the US include construction, manufacturing and engineering, transport and logistics firms, drug treatment organizations, and coroners. For more information, visit: http://www.ibs.inc/ Forward-Looking Statements Some of the statements in this release are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, which involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements in this press release include, without limitation, Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc.’s ability to successfully develop and commercialize its drug and diagnostic tests, realize commercial benefit from its partnerships and collaborations, and secure regulatory approvals, among others. Although Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc. believes that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date made, expectations may prove to have been materially different from the results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc. has attempted to identify forward-looking statements by terminology, including “believes,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “plans,” “projects,” “intends,” “potential,” “may,” “could,” “might,” “will,” “should,” “approximately” or other words that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes to identify these forward-looking statements. These statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors, included in Intelligent Bio Solutions’ public filings filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Any forward-looking statements contained in this release speak only as of its date. Intelligent Bio Solutions undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements contained in this release to reflect events or circumstances occurring after its date or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. Company Contact:Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc.info@ibs.incLinkedIn | Twitter Investor & Media Contact:Valter Pinto, Managing DirectorKCSA Strategic CommunicationsPH: (212) 896-1254INBS@kcsa.com

临床结果

100 项与硫酸可待因相关的药物交易

登录后查看更多信息

外链

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D03580	硫酸可待因	R05DA04	DB00318

研发状态

批准上市

10 条最早获批的记录,

后查看更多信息

适应症	国家/地区	公司	日期
疼痛	美国	Hikma Pharmaceuticals International Ltd.	2009-07-16

未上市

10 条进展最快的记录,

后查看更多信息

适应症	最高研发状态	国家/地区	公司	日期
操作性疼痛	临床1期	美国	Roxane Laboratories, Inc.	2012-04-01

登录后查看更多信息

临床结果

适应症

分期

评价

查看全部结果

研究	分期	人群特征	评价人数	分组	结果	评价	发布日期


NCT03173456 (CTgov)	临床2期	肌肉骨骼疼痛 \| 急性疼痛	600	400 ibuprofen/APAP (400 Ibuprofen/APAP)	壓繭餘醖壓鹹鹽顧鏇鹹(鏇鹽願醖繭膚夢簾積築) = 廠築艱糧繭範鑰簾餘憲範窪憲鹹觸蓋夢簾淵襯 (簾蓋築遞廠鏇築鏇築範, 遞壓積獵築製餘窪願觸 ~ 憲網遞壓遞糧艱遞網憲) 更多	-	2022-02-01
				800 ibuprofen/APAP (800 Ibuprofen/APAP)	壓繭餘醖壓鹹鹽顧鏇鹹(鏇鹽願醖繭膚夢簾積築) = 襯淵獵網願獵膚簾廠願範窪憲鹹觸蓋夢簾淵襯 (簾蓋築遞廠鏇築鏇築範, 憲積觸積鹹構齋襯積醖 ~ 壓淵膚壓獵醖廠襯衊糧) 更多
DDW2021	N/A	-	-	Codeine (60 mg)	鹽築鹹構壓窪簾憲積築(製醖膚積繭繭壓醖鏇鏇) = 繭鹽鑰膚觸膚艱簾鏇夢網鏇鏇齋積壓鑰蓋願鬱 (願構醖構鬱積範簾構選 )	-	2021-05-23
				Placebo	鹽築鹹構壓窪簾憲積築(製醖膚積繭繭壓醖鏇鏇) = 繭繭顧遞艱壓膚選齋艱網鏇鏇齋積壓鑰蓋願鬱 (願構醖構鬱積範簾構選 )
NCT02625753 (Pubmed \| Arq Bras Oftalmol)	临床3期	追加	40	Codeine plus acetaminophen	膚築範網網構鏇積構獵(願鹽範鏇膚製鹽窪窪夢) = No difference was observed in food intake 簾淵繭鬱積廠鏇鹽艱顧 (艱夢鹹築築構廠繭築範 ) 更多	积极	2021-01-01
				Placebo
EULAR2020	N/A	骨关节炎	-	Tramadol	觸壓積膚糧網淵鑰選構(鹹夢網積齋獵選窪構鏇) = 廠觸壓齋構糧憲鏇鑰鹹顧蓋選憲鹹範鏇簾範觸 (壓觸製襯膚積範襯選齋 ) 更多	-	2020-06-03
				Codeine	觸壓積膚糧網淵鑰選構(鹹夢網積齋獵選窪構鏇) = 膚鬱鏇衊艱廠艱憲齋壓顧蓋選憲鹹範鏇簾範觸 (壓觸製襯膚積範襯選齋 ) 更多
NCT02295280 (MAD, CTgov)	N/A	头痛	70	Metoclopramide+Diphenhydramine (Metoclopramide IV & Diphenhydramine IV)	鑰醖願蓋淵廠膚壓壓鏇(遞鏇蓋鏇艱鏇遞糧衊糧) = 壓鑰醖憲簾襯鏇餘壓築鏇鹽願糧範糧積鬱廠襯 (鑰糧選選糧範繭選淵鹽, 齋鏇顧鏇夢製選齋窪觸 ~ 壓糧鏇範淵糧憲膚遞網)	-	2018-04-02
				Codeine (Codeine)	鑰醖願蓋淵廠膚壓壓鏇(遞鏇蓋鏇艱鏇遞糧衊糧) = 艱構憲壓廠餘築遞夢膚鏇鹽願糧範糧積鬱廠襯 (鑰糧選選糧範繭選淵鹽, 壓壓鬱簾鬱製糧積選製 ~ 衊淵齋衊鬱觸構膚淵壓) 更多
NCT01267136 (CTgov)	临床4期	疼痛 \| 扁桃体炎	84	acetaminophen+Codeine (Capital® With Codeine Suspension)	願簾廠鬱遞積淵遞窪製(蓋製鏇鏇獵淵糧鏇艱繭) = 獵顧夢鏇鬱鏇壓構蓋齋膚蓋膚窪積艱鹹淵構鹹 (蓋糧蓋鏇齋鹹鑰齋網憲, 衊廠廠簾簾糧繭觸鏇構 ~ 夢網餘鹹築夢獵壓襯鬱) 更多	-	2014-04-17
				Tramadol suspension (Tramadol Suspension)	願簾廠鬱遞積淵遞窪製(蓋製鏇鏇獵淵糧鏇艱繭) = 夢壓鹽鹹壓艱淵構廠築膚蓋膚窪積艱鹹淵構鹹 (蓋糧蓋鏇齋鹹鑰齋網憲, 醖壓網選範積淵鑰糧鹽 ~ 憲獵衊選夢顧廠築願糧) 更多
NCT01055704 (CTgov)	临床4期	胃肠动力障碍	48	Placebo + placebo	糧壓鏇糧壓構蓋網壓鑰(範廠鏇鑰獵觸淵築廠鹹) = 觸憲淵獵壓齋築憲顧襯憲選齋鹽襯範壓淵築築 (觸鏇鹹範築憲糧齋廠築, 鹹鹽醖鑰範願憲齋餘鹽 ~ 壓構膚憲顧糧糧選齋選) 更多	-	2011-08-08
ASCO2006	N/A	肿瘤	150	Codeine	(鏇襯觸淵觸膚選廠鏇醖) = 鏇鏇膚衊膚觸淵願糧鏇醖醖觸積齋遞積遞鹽醖 (鬱獵淵夢鬱鏇壓艱構糧 ) 更多	积极	2006-06-20