The drastic rise in antibiotic resistance has become a global challenge, including India, due to high morbidity. The delayed identification and lack of treatment are the major causes of death. However, there is a shortage of precise information on the specific resistance pattern and sequence types of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from India that can help in diagnostics and therapy. A total of 16 clinical isolates were collected from the western region of India, along with 181 P. aeruginosa genomes of India from public database were retrieved and thoroughly analysed for antibiotics resistance determinants for associated sequence types and O-serotypes using different bioinformatics tools. Of all collected isolates (n = 16), 9 were extensively drug-resistant (XDR), 6 were multidrug-resistant (MDR), and only 1 isolate was susceptible to selected antibiotics. ST357 (n = 23; 11.6%) was the most frequent, followed by ST308, and ST1203. In serotyping, O11 (n = 85; 43%) was most prevalent. A novel ST4937 was reported and submitted to PubMLST. bla_NDM-1 carbapenemase was found in (n = 45; 22.8%) isolates, whereas class D bla_OXA-488 was present in (n = 38; 19.2%) isolates, further, several variants were found for class C bla_PDC genes, where bla_PDC-3 and bla_PDC-19a were found to be predominant. We discovered that the amounts of carbapenemases and extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) genes were lower in India. This can be a relief sometimes, but a rise in high-risk clones could lead to longer hospital stays and more deaths. Therefore, ongoing surveillance of these strains is essential for effective infection management and containment of their spread.

2024-01-01·Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Treatment and Vaccination for Smallpox and Monkeypox

Review

作者: Saalbach, Klaus P

The smallpox infection with the variola virus was one of the most fatal disorders until a global eradication was initiated in the twentieth century. The last cases were reported in Somalia 1977 and as a laboratory infection in the UK 1978; in 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared smallpox for extinct. The smallpox virus with its very high transmissibility and mortality is still a major biothreat, because the vaccination against smallpox was stopped globally in the 1980s. For this reason, new antivirals (cidofovir, brincidofovir, and tecovirimat) and new vaccines (ACAM2000, LC16m8 and Modified Vaccine Ankara MVA) were developed. For passive immunization, vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (VIGIV) is available. Due to the relationships between orthopox viruses such as vaccinia, variola, mpox (monkeypox), cowpox, and horsepox, the vaccines (LC16m8 and MVA) and antivirals (brincidofovir and tecovirimat) could also be used in the mpox outbreak with positive preliminary data. As mutations can result in drug resistance against cidofovir or tecovirimat, there is need for further research. Further antivirals (NIOCH-14 and ST-357) and vaccines (VACΔ6 and TNX-801) are being developed in Russia and the USA. In conclusion, further research for treatment and prevention of orthopox infections is needed and is already in progress. After a brief introduction, this chapter presents the smallpox and mpox disease and thereafter full overviews on antiviral treatment and vaccination including the passive immunization with vaccinia immunoglobulins.

2013-01-01·Molecular Plant1区 · 生物学

Structure–Function Relations of Strigolactone Analogs: Activity as Plant Hormones and Plant Interactions

1区 · 生物学

Article

作者: Maja Cohen ; Smadar Wininger ; Cristina Prandi ; Nathalie Resnick ; Yosef Steinberger ; Yoram Kapulnik ; Hinanit Koltai ; Ernesto G. Occhiato ; Silvia Tabasso

Strigolactones (SLs) have several functions as signaling molecules in their interactions with symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and the parasitic weeds Orobanche and Striga. SLs are also a new class of plant hormone regulating plant development. In all three organisms, a specific and sensitive receptor-mediated perception system is suggested. By comparing the activity of synthetic SL analogs on Arabidopsis root-hair elongation, Orobanche aegyptiaca seed germination, and hyphal branching of the AM fungus Glomus intraradices, we found that each of the tested organisms differs in its response to the various examined synthetic SL analogs. Structure-function relations of the SL analogs suggest substitutions on the A-ring as the cause of this variation. Moreover, the description of competitive antagonistic analogs suggests that the A-ring of SL can affect not only affinity to the receptor, but also the molecule's ability to activate it. The results support the conclusion that Arabidopsis, Orobanche, and AM fungi possess variations in receptor sensitivity to SL analogs, probably due to variation in SL receptors among the different species.

100 项与 ST-357 相关的药物交易

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