Bacterial urinary infection

SAN DIEGO, Feb. 21, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Blacksmith Medicines, Inc. (Blacksmith), a leading biopharma dedicated to discovering and developing medicines targeting metalloenzymes, announced today the release of $3.3M from its contract with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), to conduct IND-enabling and Phase 1 studies of FG-2101, its novel non-hydroxamate LpxC inhibitor, using both intravenous (IV) and oral administration for the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. The company's recent successful completion of certain Base Period activities including preclinical toxicology studies triggered the release of this award under its contract with NIAID (75N93022C00060). The total funding could be up to $17.2M over five years, depending on contract options exercised. The new funding will be used for GMP clinical material manufacturing and IND preparation/submission. "With support from NIAID, we have successfully completed preclinical toxicology studies including 7-day and 14-day repeat dose assessments (non-GLP and GLP) and safety pharmacology evaluations including cardiovascular, respiratory and CNS assessments of our novel non-hydroxamate LpxC inhibitor FG-2101," said Andrew Tomaras, Ph.D., Senior Vice President of Blacksmith. "Next, with the achievement of these safety studies, we will initiate the preparation of an investigational new drug (IND) application as well as the manufacturing campaign of GMP material for upcoming clinical studies. We are extremely grateful to the NIAID team for their continued support for the candidacy of our potential first-in-class antibacterial agent." About LpxC LpxC, a zinc metalloenzyme, is an attractive and highly sought-after antibiotic target – it is conserved across Gram-negative bacteria and not found in Gram-positive bacteria or human cells. Inhibiting LpxC results in potent killing of Gram-negative bacteria with the presumed benefit of sparing Gram-positive bacteria such as those residing in the protective microbiome of the gut which help to deter opportunistic C. difficile infections. Other LpxC inhibitors have been evaluated by biopharma in the past but chemistry limitations (e.g. hydroxamic acid) have yielded ineffective compounds that suffer from poor drug-like properties. Thus, there are no approved therapeutics targeting LpxC. Blacksmith, using its proprietary chemistry platform, has developed novel non-hydroxamate inhibitors of LpxC that are safe and effective in animal models of Gram-negative infection and are able to kill Gram-negative 'superbugs' where other antibiotics are ineffective. About metalloenzymes and the Blacksmith platform Metalloenzymes utilize a metal ion cofactor in the enzyme active site to perform essential biological functions. This diverse class of targets has historically been difficult to drug due to small molecule chemistry limitations that have plagued the industry. The Blacksmith metalloenzyme platform has solved this problem by leveraging the following: A large proprietary fragment library of metal-binding pharmacophores (MBPs); A comprehensive database containing a full characterization of the metalloenzyme genome including functions, metal cofactors, and associations to disease; A first-of-its-kind metallo-CRISPR library of custom single guide RNAs; An industry-leading metalloenzyme computational toolkit for docking, modeling and structure-based drug design; and A robust and blocking intellectual property estate covering bioinorganic, medicinal, and computational chemistry approaches for metalloenzyme-targeted medicines. About Blacksmith Medicines At Blacksmith Medicines, we are developing medicines targeting metal-dependent enzymes. Over 30% of known enzymes are metalloenzymes, covering all major enzyme classes: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases. Metal ions, including magnesium, zinc, iron, manganese and copper, are the essential ingredient in these metalloenzymes. We recognized a large unmet need for new chemical matter and innovative approaches to drug this important class of enzymes. Our purpose-built platform for metalloenzyme-targeted medicines combines, for the first time in industry, a focused library of metal-binding pharmacophores with proprietary computational modeling approaches to rapidly and rationally design small molecule inhibitors that interact with key metal ions in the enzyme's active site. Our comprehensive knowledge of the metal environment and key active site interactions enables Blacksmith to rapidly build potent and selective inhibitors in a stepwise and predictable manner. Blacksmith has executed strategic drug discovery collaborations with Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd., Cyteir Therapeutics Inc., Eli Lilly and Company (Lilly), Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., and Zoetis LLC., and has been awarded non-dilutive Federal funding agreements with CARB-X and NIH/NIAID. Blacksmith investors include Lilly, Evotec A.G., MP Healthcare Partners, MagnaSci Ventures, and Alexandria Venture Investments. For further information, please visit the company's website and LinkedIn Media Contact: Amy Conrad Juniper Point [email protected] 858-366-3243 SOURCE Blacksmith Medicines

Highlights: Independent examiners confirm Phase I study of RECCE® 327 (R327) in 80 human subjects across eight cohorts achieved all primary study endpoints, met international regulatory standards, and demonstrated R327 to be safe and well-toleratedDosing was achieved in accordance with efficacy demonstrated in Gram-positive and Gram-negative animal infection modelsPhase I/II ‘fast infusion’ dosing of R327 as an intravenous (IV) formulation is tracking towards primary study endpoints, with expected data read-outs in H2 2023 SYDNEY Australia, July 20, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Recce Pharmaceuticals Ltd (ASX: RCE, FSE: R9Q) (the Company), the Company developing a new class of synthetic anti-infectives, today announced positive results from a Phase I (R327-001) study of RECCE® 327 (R327) as an intravenous (IV) infusion formulation in 80 healthy male subjects. “We are pleased to see that even when administered at doses much higher than the expected therapeutic window, R327 IV does not lead to safety or toxicity issues in healthy subjects,” said Alan W Dunton, MD, Non-Executive Director of Recce Pharmaceuticals and Medical Monitor of the Phase I trial. “We believe in the potential of R327 to provide a much-needed solution to patients with serious infections and look forward to providing interim proof-of-efficacy data in pre-sepsis patients in H2 2023.” John Prendergast, Ph.D., Executive Chairman of Recce Pharmaceuticals, added, “We are highly encouraged by the safety and tolerability R327 demonstrated across eight cohorts at doses up to 6,000 mg, which is above the expected therapeutic range. We look forward to building off these results by initiating a Phase II study in patients with early-stage sepsis. There are currently no specific treatment options available for those with sepsis, with patients generally given broad-spectrum antimicrobials at first and then refined once the antibiograms become available a few hours after treatment initiations, which can be critical. Our next-generation anti-infectives have the potential to change the treatment landscape by becoming a universal first-line treatment for patients with life-threatening infections from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including their superbug forms.” The Phase I ascending-dose,1 randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel, double-blind, single-dose, first-in-human study evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of R327 in healthy male subjects. A total of 80 subjects were randomized in eight single-dose cohorts, and 60 subjects received R327, with 20 receiving placebo. Enrolled subjects completed dosing per the protocol and completed the trial without dosing interruptions. In concurrence with the Therapeutic Goods Administration clinical trial regulatory procedures, the recruitment for the study is closed and marked ‘Complete’ with no ‘Serious Adverse Events’ reported. Summary of Results No serious adverse events (SAEs) or deaths were reported.No clinically significant changes were noted in any hematology parameter(s) in any cohort.No clinically significant changes were noted in any chemistry parameter(s) in any cohort, with kidney and liver functions all normal.All coagulation parameters remained within normal limits or were deemed not clinically significant, and normal blood clotting properties were maintained.No clinically significant changes were noted in any urinalysis parameter(s) in any cohort.No clinically significant changes were noted in any vital signs, including systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature in any cohort.No clinically significant changes were noted in 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) parameter(s), including cardiac events in any subject across all cohorts.No clinically significant changes were noted in cardiac telemetry parameter(s) in any subject across all cohorts, with no cardiac abnormalities during continuous heart monitoring. Safety and Tolerability ResultsR327 was found to be well-tolerated with a good safety profile across all dose groups from 50 mg to 6,000 mg when administrated over a one-hour IV infusion, referred to in the table titled “Adverse Events (TEAEs).” All treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) across the cohorts, including placebo groups, were classified as mild or moderate. All outcomes for the TEAEs were recovered or resolved. Figure 1 is available at https://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom/AttachmentNg/574cc755-b86d-4e44-86be-adb977065e95 Pharmacokinetic Results – Potential for R327 to be Used to Treat Sepsis The results showed a significant dose-dependent concentration of R327 in both the urine and the plasma, highlighting the potential of R327 as a treatment for sepsis and complicated/uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). As shown in the graph titled “Concentration of R327; Human Plasma,” there was a significant dose-dependent concentration of R327 in the subjects’ plasma. The results demonstrate a consistent and proportional linear increase across measured doses of R327. R327 displayed a compelling profile for a sepsis drug candidate, with no observed commensurate spike in drug concentration, possibly leading to better-to-control side effects. Figure 2 is available at https://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom/AttachmentNg/2886b443-14f2-410c-8053-e56b3ac537e4 Additional Positive Findings: Potential for R327 to be Used to Treat UTIs: UTIs are responsible for about 30% of all sepsis infections, defined as ‘urosepsis’ R327’s potential as a treatment option across the spectrum of infectious diseases strengthens its position in this area of unmet medical need. As shown in the table titled “Ratio of R327 in Urine and Plasma,” the clinical results demonstrated a significant dose-dependent concentration of R327 in both the urine and the plasma, with up to twenty-one-fold higher concentration in the urine. It was also found that the primary route of excretion of R327 appeared to be through the kidney into the ureters and down into the bladder. Figure 3 is available at https://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom/AttachmentNg/8f378da3-56a3-4ae5-bd72-949ffbc4afa3 Figure 4 is available at https://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom/AttachmentNg/c56a41db-2dd3-4f7f-9503-4c48924144bc Furthermore, an independent study demonstrated that R327 in the presence of human urine could reduce the number of viable Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria by over 99.99% in a matter of minutes, as shown in the graph titled “RECCE® 327 Kills Quickly in Urine.” This, along with the excellent safety profile of R327 and preclinical in vivo kidney and UTI bacterial infections studies, highlights the great potential of R327 in treating complicated and uncomplicated UTIs. Figure 5 is available at https://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom/AttachmentNg/e603cdbb-967f-4ecc-8fbb-644a50fcff3f Healthy cell viability remained exceptionally high, even improving in the presence of R327 Figure 6 is available at https://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom/AttachmentNg/33fd0c96-f8eb-4768-a2c2-4a555356a777 Another positive finding was the improvement of healthy human cells in the PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) analysis, including indications of improved kidney health from R327 as it was excreted from the body. The graph titled “Viability of a Monocyte Cell Line Treated with R327, PEG 200 and Acrolein” represents an independent study of the effect of R327 on healthy human cells, indicating cell health improving >100% since repeated across multiple independent confirmatory investigations. In an unwell patient treatment setting, the wider support of human health is likely a welcomed feature of dosing R327. Figure 7 is available at https://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom/AttachmentNg/797ee3ef-6591-424e-89f9-e7d75f478688 The graph titled “Viability of Healthy Kidney Cells Treated with R327, PEG 200 and Acrolein” further demonstrates the safety of R327 on the viability of mammalian cells and the effect of R327 on a kidney cell line (ATCC CRL 1573). Results show that R327 was well-tolerated across a wide concentration range without any evident cytotoxicity to the kidney cells. In most cases, antibiotics can cause kidney damage and can be quite a common occurrence. For example, in hospital wards, antibiotics account for approximately 10% of episodes of acute renal failure and 60% of drug-related kidney damage.2 Moreover, antibiotics can form crystals that don't break down and block urine flow.3 One such example is one of the world’s most widely prescribed commercial antibiotics (generates over US $10bn in revenue), which is known to cause urine crystallization.4 Others have substances that can damage certain kidney cells when attempting to filter them out. As previously mentioned, the results of the Phase I trial demonstrated no change in any chemistry parameter(s) to those dosed with R327, with all kidney and liver functions appearing to be normal. Next StepsThe successful Phase I safety and tolerability study of R327 IV in healthy male volunteers has paved the way for the next stage of R327's clinical development in sepsis and UTIs. The Company is currently conducting a Phase I/II UTI clinical trial evaluating R327 IV at faster infusion rates – recently announcing its first cohort dosed, including its first female subject. About Recce Pharmaceuticals LtdRecce Pharmaceuticals Ltd (ASX: RCE, FSE: R9Q) is developing New Classes of Synthetic Anti-Infectives designed to address the urgent global health problems of antibiotic-resistant superbugs and emerging viral pathogens. Recce’s anti-infective pipeline includes three patented, broad-spectrum, synthetic polymer anti-infectives: RECCE® 327 as an intravenous and topical therapy that is being developed for the treatment of serious and potentially life-threatening infections due to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including their superbug forms; RECCE® 435 as an orally administered therapy for bacterial infections; and RECCE® 529 for viral infections. Through their multi-layered mechanisms of action, Recce’s anti-infectives have the potential to overcome the hypercellular mutation of bacteria and viruses – the challenge of all existing antibiotics to date. The FDA has awarded RECCE® 327 Qualified Infectious Disease Product designation under the Generating Antibiotic Initiatives Now (GAIN) Act – labelling it for Fast Track Designation, plus 10 years of market exclusivity post approval. Further to this designation, RECCE® 327 has been included on The Pew Charitable Trusts Global New Antibiotics in Development Pipeline as the world’s only synthetic polymer and sepsis drug candidate in development. RECCE® 327 is not yet market approved for use in humans with further clinical testing required to fully evaluate safety and efficacy. Recce wholly owns its automated manufacturing, which is supporting present clinical trials. Recce’s anti-infective pipeline seeks to exploit the unique capabilities of its technologies targeting synergistic, unmet medical needs. Corporate ContactJames GrahamRecce Pharmaceuticals Ltd+61 (02) 9256 2571James.graham@recce.com.au Media & Investor Relations (AU)Andrew GeddesCityPR+61 (02) 9267 4511ageddes@citypublicrelations.com.au Media (USA)Jordyn TemperatoLifeSci Communicationsjtemperato@lifescicomms.com Investor Relations (USA & EU)Guillame van RenterghemLifeSci Advisorsgvanrenterghem@lifesciadvisors.com 1 A single dose of R327 IV was infused in each cohort of healthy male subjects to demonstrate its safety before increasing the dose to another cohort of healthy male subjects.2https://pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/23059939/3https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/medicine-hurt-kidneys#:~:text=way%20they%20should.-,Antibiotics,try%20to%20filter%20them%20out.4https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/pmc/articles/PMC8919213/#:~:text=Amoxicillin%20is%20known%20to%20cause,hematuria%20or%20acute%20renal%20failure.

Highlights: Independent examiners confirm Phase I study of RECCE® 327 (R327) in 80 human subjects across eight cohorts achieved all primary study endpoints, met international regulatory standards, and demonstrated R327 to be safe and well-tolerated Dosing was achieved in accordance with efficacy demonstrated in Gram-positive and Gram-negative animal infection models Phase I/II ‘fast infusion’ dosing of R327 as an intravenous (IV) formulation is tracking towards primary study endpoints, with expected data read-outs in H2 2023 SYDNEY Australia, July 20, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Recce Pharmaceuticals Ltd (ASX: RCE, FSE: R9Q) (the Company), the Company developing a new class of synthetic anti-infectives, today announced positive results from a Phase I (R327-001) study of RECCE® 327 (R327) as an intravenous (IV) infusion formulation in 80 healthy male subjects. “We are pleased to see that even when administered at doses much higher than the expected therapeutic window, R327 IV does not lead to safety or toxicity issues in healthy subjects,” said Alan W Dunton, MD, Non-Executive Director of Recce Pharmaceuticals and Medical Monitor of the Phase I trial. “We believe in the potential of R327 to provide a much-needed solution to patients with serious infections and look forward to providing interim proof-of-efficacy data in pre-sepsis patients in H2 2023.” John Prendergast, Ph.D., Executive Chairman of Recce Pharmaceuticals, added, “We are highly encouraged by the safety and tolerability R327 demonstrated across eight cohorts at doses up to 6,000 mg, which is above the expected therapeutic range. We look forward to building off these results by initiating a Phase II study in patients with early-stage sepsis. There are currently no specific treatment options available for those with sepsis, with patients generally given broad-spectrum antimicrobials at first and then refined once the antibiograms become available a few hours after treatment initiations, which can be critical. Our next-generation anti-infectives have the potential to change the treatment landscape by becoming a universal first-line treatment for patients with life-threatening infections from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including their superbug forms.” The Phase I ascending-dose,1 randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel, double-blind, single-dose, first-in-human study evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of R327 in healthy male subjects. A total of 80 subjects were randomized in eight single-dose cohorts, and 60 subjects received R327, with 20 receiving placebo. Enrolled subjects completed dosing per the protocol and completed the trial without dosing interruptions. In concurrence with the Therapeutic Goods Administration clinical trial regulatory procedures, the recruitment for the study is closed and marked ‘Complete’ with no ‘Serious Adverse Events’ reported. Summary of Results No serious adverse events (SAEs) or deaths were reported. No clinically significant changes were noted in any hematology parameter(s) in any cohort. No clinically significant changes were noted in any chemistry parameter(s) in any cohort, with kidney and liver functions all normal. All coagulation parameters remained within normal limits or were deemed not clinically significant, and normal blood clotting properties were maintained. No clinically significant changes were noted in any urinalysis parameter(s) in any cohort. No clinically significant changes were noted in any vital signs, including systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature in any cohort. No clinically significant changes were noted in 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) parameter(s), including cardiac events in any subject across all cohorts. No clinically significant changes were noted in cardiac telemetry parameter(s) in any subject across all cohorts, with no cardiac abnormalities during continuous heart monitoring. Safety and Tolerability Results R327 was found to be well-tolerated with a good safety pro all dose groups from 50 mg to 6,000 mg when administrated over a one-hour IV infusion, referred to in the table titled “Adverse Events (TEAEs).” All treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) across the cohorts, including placebo groups, were classified as mild or moderate. All outcomes for the TEAEs were recovered or resolved. Figure 1 is available at Pharmacokinetic Results – Potential for R327 to be Used to Treat Sepsis The results showed a significant dose-dependent concentration of R327 in both the urine and the plasma, highlighting the potential of R327 as a treatment for sepsis and complicated/uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). As shown in the graph titled “Concentration of R327; Human Plasma,” there was a significant dose-dependent concentration of R327 in the subjects’ plasma. The results demonstrate a consistent and proportional linear increase across measured doses of R327. R327 displayed a compelling pro a sepsis drug candidate, with no observed commensurate spike in drug concentration, possibly leading to better-to-control side effects. Figure 2 is available at Additional Positive Findings: Potential for R327 to be Used to Treat UTIs: UTIs are responsible for about 30% of all sepsis infections, defined as ‘urosepsis’ R327’s potential as a treatment option across the spectrum of infectious diseases strengthens its position in this area of unmet medical need. As shown in the table titled “Ratio of R327 in Urine and Plasma,” the clinical results demonstrated a significant dose-dependent concentration of R327 in both the urine and the plasma, with up to twenty-one-fold higher concentration in the urine. It was also found that the primary route of excretion of R327 appeared to be through the kidney into the ureters and down into the bladder. Figure 3 is available at Figure 4 is available at Furthermore, an independent study demonstrated that R327 in the presence of human urine could reduce the number of viable Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria by over 99.99% in a matter of minutes, as shown in the graph titled “RECCE® 327 Kills Quickly in Urine.” This, along with the excellent safety pro R327 and preclinical in vivo kidney and UTI bacterial infections studies, highlights the great potential of R327 in treating complicated and uncomplicated UTIs. Figure 5 is available at Healthy cell viability remained exceptionally high, even improving in the presence of R327 Figure 6 is available at Another positive finding was the improvement of healthy human cells in the PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) analysis, including indications of improved kidney health from R327 as it was excreted from the body. The graph titled “Viability of a Monocyte Cell Line Treated with R327, PEG 200 and Acrolein” represents an independent study of the effect of R327 on healthy human cells, indicating cell health improving >100% since repeated across multiple independent confirmatory investigations. In an unwell patient treatment setting, the wider support of human health is likely a welcomed feature of dosing R327. Figure 7 is available at The graph titled “Viability of Healthy Kidney Cells Treated with R327, PEG 200 and Acrolein” further demonstrates the safety of R327 on the viability of mammalian cells and the effect of R327 on a kidney cell line (ATCC CRL 1573). Results show that R327 was well-tolerated across a wide concentration range without any evident cytotoxicity to the kidney cells. In most cases, antibiotics can cause kidney damage and can be quite a common occurrence. For example, in hospital wards, antibiotics account for approximately 10% of episodes of acute renal failure and 60% of drug-related kidney damage.2 Moreover, antibiotics can form crystals that don't break down and block urine flow.3 One such example is one of the world’s most widely prescribed commercial antibiotics (generates over US $10bn in revenue), which is known to cause urine crystallization.4 Others have substances that can damage certain kidney cells when attempting to filter them out. As previously mentioned, the results of the Phase I trial demonstrated no change in any chemistry parameter(s) to those dosed with R327, with all kidney and liver functions appearing to be normal. Next Steps The successful Phase I safety and tolerability study of R327 IV in healthy male volunteers has paved the way for the next stage of R327's clinical development in sepsis and UTIs. The Company is currently conducting a Phase I/II UTI clinical trial evaluating R327 IV at faster infusion rates – recently announcing its first cohort dosed, including its first female subject. About Recce Pharmaceuticals Ltd Recce Pharmaceuticals Ltd (ASX: RCE, FSE: R9Q) is developing New Classes of Synthetic Anti-Infectives designed to address the urgent global health problems of antibiotic-resistant superbugs and emerging viral pathogens. Recce’s anti-infective pipeline includes three patented, broad-spectrum, synthetic polymer anti-infectives: RECCE® 327 as an intravenous and topical therapy that is being developed for the treatment of serious and potentially life-threatening infections due to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including their superbug forms; RECCE® 435 as an orally administered therapy for bacterial infections; and RECCE® 529 for viral infections. Through their multi-layered mechanisms of action, Recce’s anti-infectives have the potential to overcome the hypercellular mutation of bacteria and viruses – the challenge of all existing antibiotics to date. The FDA has awarded RECCE® 327 Qualified Infectious Disease Product designation under the Generating Antibiotic Initiatives Now (GAIN) Act – labelling it for Fast Track Designation, plus 10 years of market exclusivity post approval. Further to this designation, RECCE® 327 has been included on The Pew Charitable Trusts Global New Antibiotics in Development Pipeline as the world’s only synthetic polymer and sepsis drug candidate in development. RECCE® 327 is not yet market approved for use in humans with further clinical testing required to fully evaluate safety and efficacy. Recce wholly owns its automated manufacturing, which is supporting present clinical trials. Recce’s anti-infective pipeline seeks to exploit the unique capabilities of its technologies targeting synergistic, unmet medical needs. Corporate Contact James Graham Recce Pharmaceuticals Ltd +61 (02) 9256 2571 James.graham@recce.com.au Media & Investor Relations (AU) Andrew Geddes CityPR +61 (02) 9267 4511 ageddes@citypublicrelations.com.au Media (USA) Jordyn Temperato LifeSci Communications jtemperato@lifescicomms.com Investor Relations (USA & EU) Guillame van Renterghem LifeSci Advisors gvanrenterghem@lifesciadvisors.com 1 A single dose of R327 IV was infused in each cohort of healthy male subjects to demonstrate its safety before increasing the dose to another cohort of healthy male subjects. 2 3 4 Figure 1 Adverse Events (TEAEs) Figure 2 Concentration of R327; Human Plasma Figure 3 Ratio of R327 in Urine and Plasma Figure 4 Concentration of R327; Human Urine Figure 5 RECCE® 327 Kills Quickly in Urine Figure 6 Viability of a Monocyte Cell Line Treated with R327, PEG 200 and Acrolein Figure 7 Viability of Healthy Kidney Cells Treated with R327, PEG 200 and Acrolein