Various dietary factors in human milk are important nutrients for the formation of the infant gut microbiota (GM). While promoting the growth of the GM, some human milk components that are difficult to absorb and utilize will be broken down by the GM, and converted into nutrients that the baby can use, such as breast milk oligosaccharides-the 'carbon source' for infant GM. This study reveals that nucleotides (NTs), significant non-protein nitrogen sources in human milk, can enhance the abundance of beneficial microbial genera such as g_Bifidobacterium, g_Bacteroides, and g_Blautia in in vitro fecal fermentation fluids of infants at low doses (2 mg/mL). Conversely, high doses of NTs (20 mg/mL) increased the abundance of g_Escherichia-Shigella. Furthermore, low-dose NTs fermentation broth significantly enhanced the expression of neurodevelopmental marker genes such as Tuj1, Sox2, Dcx, and NeuN in NE-4C neural stem cells, whereas a single NTs digestion broth did not exhibit significant activity. However, in vivo studies using neonatal rats as a model demonstrated that both low-dose NTs fermentation broth and NTs digestive juices promoted behavioral development in neonatal rats (PND 20) and neuron maturation in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Non-targeted metabolomics results indicate that low-dose dietary NTs promote the production of certain neuroregulatory metabolites in infant fecal fermentation, such as uridine, L-tyrosine, L-glutamic acid, and succinic acid. These findings suggest that NTs may serve as an important "nitrogen source" during GM formation in early life and have a dose effect in driving the development of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in early life.