BACKGROUNDFine particulate matter [particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter of __-mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"-__≤2.5μm (__-mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"-__PM2.5)] is considered a major component of ambient PM. Exposure to __-mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"-__PM2.5 was shown to be associated with male reproductive system injury. Ferroptosis is regarded as an iron-dependent programmed cell death that is associated with the pathological process. It has been reported that SIRT1 has protective effects on the male reproductive system. However, the underlying mechanisms of exposure to __-mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"-__PM2.5-induced testicular injury are still unexplored.OBJECTIVESIn this study, we investigated the relationship between ferroptosis and male reproductive injury after exposure to __-mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"-__PM2.5 and the role of SIRT1/HIF-__-mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"-__1α signaling pathway in this process.METHODSWe established a __-mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"-__PM2.5 exposure model in vivo and in vitro using Sertoli cell Sirt1 conditional knockout C57BL/6 (cKO) mice testes and primary Sertoli cells. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were conducted to examine the histology of the mice testes. Sperm parameters and biotin tracer assay were conducted to evaluate the effects of exposure to __-mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"-__PM2.5 on the mice testes. Related markers and genes related to the blood-testis barrier (BTB) and ferroptosis were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), western blot, and immunofluorescence assay. siRNA transfection was used to evaluate the potential mechanism.RESULTSSignificant pathological damage and lower sperm quality were detected in mice testes exposed to __-mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"-__PM2.5. We found that exposure to __-mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"-__PM2.5 damaged the BTB and inhibited the expression level of the BTB-related proteins (including Connexin 43, Occludin, Claudin 11, N-Cadherin and ZO-1). According to the enrichment analysis results, ferroptosis and HIF-__-mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"-__1α signaling pathway were significantly enriched in mice testes and primary Sertoli cells exposed to __-mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"-__PM2.5. Subsequent experiments were conducted to verify the results of the enrichment analysis and revealed differences in the expression levels of HIF-__-mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"-__1α, ferroptosis-related genes (including GPX4, SLC7A11, ACSL4, and HO-1) and ferroptosis-related markers [including malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and __-mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"-__Fe2+], associated with lower expression of SIRT1 after exposure to __-mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"-__PM2.5. These results suggest that __-mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"-__PM2.5 exposure may be associated with ferroptosis and HIF-__-mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"-__1α signaling pathway in male reproductive dysfunction.CONCLUSIONSTaken together, in vivo and in vitro experiments verified that __-mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"-__PM2.5 exposure in mice may lead to testicular dysfunction through new pathways. https://doi-org.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/10.1289/EHP14447.