Ulifloxacin

Many micropollutants, such as pharmaceuticals and other chems., are present globally in the aquatic environment.During effluent treatment and in the environment, transformations result in new chems. of often unknown structure, fate, and toxicity.The design of chems., that can be fully mineralized or broken down into non-hazardous fragments, is considered a green chem. approach avoiding such problems from the very beginning ("benign by design").N-heterocycles are central lead scaffolds for many important chems. and pharmaceuticals such as quinolines, isoquinolines, quinolones, fluoroquinolones, naphthyridones, and quinazolinones.Understanding their environmental biodegradability is mandatory for the design of greener derivativatives.While the biodegradability of simple quinolines has already been reported in the literature, information on more complex azaarenes and other N-heterocycles is rather scarce.The goal of this study was to investigate the ready biodegradability of several N-heterocycles to identify biodegradable lead scaffolds.LC-HRMS studies were performed to identify possible metabolites.Out of the 84 tested substances, only 14 were readily biodegradable in either the closed bottle test (OECD 301D) or the manometric respiratory test (OECD 301F).Hydroxylation at the C2 position increased the biodegradation level of the quinolines generally and tolerated even fluorine in the mol.Moreover, 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid has been tested as readily biodegradable.It is an important bioactive lead scaffold with many different applications, i.e., in antibiotics.All other quinolones containing the β-keto-carboxylic acid moiety were persistent, including their bioisosteres.The identified biodegradable scaffolds can be used to design new environmentally biodegradable mols. following green fragment-based design.

Normal human flora such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Cutibacterium acnes, Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii, and Escherichia coli could emerge as highly potent opportunistic skin and enteric pathogens.Due to their emerging resistance towards antibiotics, the scope of existing antibacterial therapy and treatment regime is very limited.In the present study, Punica granatum (P. granatum) peel extract is used as an antibacterial agent active against multidrug-resistant bacteria.Interaction with P. granatum peel extract showed strong antibacterial activity with min. inhibitory concentration value and zone of inhibition ranging between 780μg/mL to 6250μg/mL and 20 ± 0.0 to 24.33 ± 2.082 mm resp.These values evident a strong antibacterial efficacy against antibiotic-resistant Gram-pos. (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, C. acnes, and C. kroppenstedtii clin. isolate NB-2) and Gram-neg. (E. coli) bacteria.Interestingly, PGP extract also showed a concentration-dependent reduction of biofilm-embedded bacteria, observed 93.2% ± 1.8 eradication at 25,000μg/mL with respect to control, in S. epidermidis ATCC 35984 bacterium.PGP extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity and observed 94.7 ± 0.06% scavenging activity at 1000μg/mL PGP extract concentration as determined by the cell-free assay.Further, a promising synergistic effect of PGP extract with the com. antimicrobials such as piroctolamine, zinc pyrithione, and tetracycline against multi-drug resistant, C. kroppenstedtii clin. isolate NB-2 is evaluated.Greater antibacterial potential of the synergistic effect of the peel's extract with the drugs has been observed when compared to the drug alone suggesting that the P. granatum could be the potent antimicrobial agent against antibiotic-resistant skin infection-causing bacteria.